Describe How Bacteria Decode Its Genetic Information to Produce Proteins Essay Example for Free

Describe How Bacteria Decode Its Genetic Information to Produce Proteins Essay Bacteria belongs to a group of organism that lacks cell nucleus and membrane bound organells. This group of organisms are termed as prokaryotes. Prokaryotes follows the central dogma of molecular biology first proposed by Francis Crick in 1958 to synthesize proteins from mRNA through a process called translation and the mRNA is being synthesized from the DNA by another process called Transcription. Temperature, nutrient availibity are some key factors that start the process of synthesizing proteins in response to these key factors. Example. This paper will provide an explanation as to how bacteria decode the genetic information to produce proteins. Transription generates 3 kinds of RNA. Transfer RNA(tRNA) carries amino acid during protein synthesis, ribosomal RNA molecules come together to form ribosomes while mRNA bears the message for protein synthesis. In bacteria, mRNA often carries coding information of more than 1 gene therefore it is said to be polycistronic (DIAGRAM). MRNA is synthesized under the direction of DNA by RNA polymerase. This polymerase in its core enzyme form has 5 subunits. A 6th subunit called the Sigma factor helps the core enzyme to recognise and bind to the promoter regions which are often found at -35 basepair and -10 basepair(also called Pribnow box) upstream of the transcription site. Upon binding, RNA polymerase unwinds the helical DNA and this open region becomes a open complex. There is a reason as to why the -10bp site is chosen. The hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides in the Pribnow box are weak and easily broken, forming the open complex. RNA polymerase progresses along the DNA unwound DNA strand and starts to synthesize mRNA in the 5` to 3` direction. MRNA synthesized is thus complementary and anti parallel to the template DNA. Termination of transcription require a terminator. There are two kinds of terminator, rho-independent terminator which refers to a nucleotide sequence that when transcribed into RNA, forms hydrogen bonds within the single-strande RNA, this intrastrand bonds creates a hairpin-shape loop and causes RNA polymerase to stop transcribing and dissociate from the template strand. Another terminator depend on a protein called the rho factor which causes RNA polymerase to dissociate from the mRNA. Its exact mechanism remains unclear. With the mRNA synthesized by the RNA polymerase using DNA of the bacteria as template, the mRNA are translated to amino acids which are linked covalently to form a polypeptide. Translation begins when a ribosomes binds to mRNA and tRNA molecules carry the amino acid correspending to the codons dictate by the mRNA to the ribosome so that the amino acid can be added to the polypeptide chain as the ribosome moves down the mRNA strand. Translation initiated by formation of initiation complex consisting of 30s and 50 sribosomal subunits, Formyl-methionyl tRNA and the mRNA. Proteins called intitial factors are also required to form the complex. The two ribosomal subunits that come together to for, the complex are commonly refer to as the 70s ribosome. This 70s ribosome has two sites in which tRNA carrying amino acids can bind to. One is called the P site and A site. There is also an E site where tRNA are released. The initiating transfer t RNA carrying formylmethionyl binds to the P site, a tRNA that recognises the next codon ann carries the second amino acid moves in to the A site. The formylmethionie carried by the tRNA in the P site is then joined to the amino acid carried by the tRNA that just entered the A site by a peptide bonds. The ribosome then advance a distance of 1 codon. The tRNA that carries the formylmethionie is released at the E site. A tRNA carrying the next amino acid now moves in through the A site where the anti codon matches the codon of the mRNA. The ribosome shift down a distance of 1 codon, the 2 amino acid on the tRNA in the P site are transferred to the new amino acid and the 2nd tRNA is released at the E site. This cycle is repeated. Elongation is terminated by a stop codon. Stop codon do not code for any amino acid.

The Philosophy Of Death

The Philosophy Of Death The Death of Ivan Ilych, by Leo Tolstoy provides a literary portrait of a mans life and death. This exercise aims to analyse denial and the inevitability of death, both its meaning and context, in The Death of Ivan Ilych, using the philosophy of Martin Heidegger in Being and Time. The Death of Ivan Ilych In the study of literature, The Death of Ivan Ilych is generally regarded as one of the most influential works on death and dying. The story is a classic study of how acceptance of mortality can change how individuals approach not only life, but also death. Structurally, The Death of Ivan Ilych is a simple text. It begins with what would be the end of the story, Ivans funeral, and then records his life from childhood to his illness. In this way, Tolstoy suggests that Ivan Ilych is not really alive until he confronts the deterioration of his being. Ivan Ilychs life had been most simple and most ordinary and therefore most terrible (Tolstoy, 235). The chronicle of Ivans life begins with this line. Ivan Ilych consumed his life by just playing a role, formality and propriety were imperative to him, more so than any kind of human emotion. Serving as a judge, he had a career with influence and standing, and a respectable middle-class family. Then, a mysterious illness befalls him, one that no amount of skilled doctors can accurately diagnose. Whilst all are in agreement that his condition is terminal, they defer from telling him and insist that the treatments will one day have him back on his feet. Ivan Ilych is ultimately reduced to lying on a sofa, eased only by opium and the goodness of his servant, Gerasim, who says, Its Gods will. We shall all come to it some day (Tolstoy, 235). The novel follows the course of Ivans slow deterioration and his inability to deal with the inevitable approach of death. He tries for a long time to look away from it, to hide, but he cannot. Ironically, as he begins to sense the looming spectre of death, Ivan questions the dismantling of his comfortable life and the rightness of how he lived. Ivan wonders, Why must I die and die in agony? There is something wrong! Maybe I did not live as I ought to have done (Tolstoy, 273). In the midst of his desperate screaming, two hours before his death, Ivan feels the tears of his son on his hand. After months dwelling on his own torment, he feels pity for his son and asks for forgiveness. It is at this moment that he is released from the mental anguish that has engulfed him, and in place of death, there was light (Tolstoy, 279). Heidegger and the Inevitability of Death One of these days one will die too, in the end; but right now it has nothing to do with us (Heidegger: 297). Death is an inevitable event. Someday, we will all die and ultimately confront the inescapable reality of our own mortality. German philosopher, Martin Heidegger, gives new meanings to our understanding of death in Being and Time. Heidegger argues that by confronting the inevitability of death, we adjust our perspectives and alter our approach towards life. We become beings-toward-death who are able to re-examine life and embrace our world. The discussion in Being and Time depends on understanding the use of the term, Dasein, commonly translated as existence or more literally as being there, it could be said that Dasein is an individual human being. As Dasein, we are each an existing entity and have the ability to consider how we shall be in the world. By Heideggers analysis of being-towards-death, Dasein understands what it means to exist. Heidegger suggests that rather than facing the reality of death, Dasein may flee from it, back into the absorption of everyday life. By running away from the reality and the finitude of our existence, we may collapse into a state of anxiety and bring forth anguish in Daseins being; we may despair when confronted with the actuality of our death. According to Heidegger, angst enables us to have an understanding of our eventual demise and anticipation in the face of death makes an authentic life possible. When we choose to accept the inevitable, we realise the possibilities of life and we discover a truth; we can find meaning at least for ourselves. By breaking the illusions of death, we can conquer life. This is the difference between living authentic and inauthentic lives. While we cannot know what death itself will be like, we can look ahead towards our dying. By accepting that one is constantly moving towards death and understanding that mortality is fundamental to who we are, Heidegger states something authentic is uncovered, a moment that will truly be ones own. Through this insight, Heidegger shows that death is an individual event in that it is something that every person must go through. Nobody can die my death It is unique to each one of us. To each it is given and cannot be denied. A Heideggerian Approach to Ivan Ilych In Being and Time, Heidegger makes use of Tolstoys story in his own analysis of death. He says in a footnote, In his story The Death of Ivan Ilyitch Leo Tolstoi has presented the phenomenon of the disruption and breakdown of having someone die (Heidegger: 495). Early in the novel, Ivans death is presented as an inconvenience and a burden. His wifes attitude to his failing condition is that it was his own fault and was another of the annoyances he caused her (Tolstoy, 254). This parallels Heideggers thoughts on the everyday relationship with death, Indeed the dying of Others is seen often enough as social inconvenience, if not even a downright tactlessness, against which the public is to be guarded (Heidegger, 298). In the story, death is seen as a social inconvenience, disrupting everyday life. From Heideggers perspective, the story of Ivan Ilych demonstrates a case of an individual that lives an inauthentic existence. Ivan Ilych, his wife and family, and even the doctors have all missed the point that death is certain; one cannot escape the inevitability of death. It is perhaps only Gerasim, a simple peasant, who is able to maintain an authentic and reflective stance towards death. Gerasim is not interested in upholding the trivial social concerns that everyone else seems to he recognises that death is a reality. Half way through the story Ivan remarks, Gerasim alone did not lie; everything showed that he alone understood the facts of the case and did not consider it necessary to disguise them (Tolstoy, 264). From a Heideggerian perspective, Gerasim alone displays a compassionate and meaningful existence in the story. As Ivans condition slowly deteriorates, it (the pain, the spectre of death) becomes something that he can no longer ignore, although he is still being told that he will recover. At a certain point, however, he begins to ask, Why deceive myself? (Tolstoy, 257) When Ivans brother-in-law visits before New Years, he is so disturbed by his condition that he is unable to be in his presence. He says to Ivans wife Why, hes a dead man! Look at his eyes theres no light in them (Tolstoy, 256), though she denies this change. For her, he is merely sick; he will get better with time. Heidegger lets us understand this when he says, This evasive concealment in the face of death dominates everydayness so stubbornly that, in Being with one another, the neighbours often still keep talking the dying person into the belief that he will escape death and soon return to the tranquillized everydayness of the world of his concern (Heidegger, 297). Though Ivans family appear to be trying to comfort him, reall y they are only denying what Ivan has now realised he will soon face his own death. When Ivan truly realises that his condition is incurable, he reflects on a presentation of death he had learnt from Kiezewetters Logic, Caius is a man, men are mortal, therefore Caius is mortal, had always seemed to him correct as applied to Caius, but certainly not as applied to himself. That Caius man in the abstract was mortal, was perfectly correct, but he was not Caius, not an abstract man, but a creature quite quite separate from all others (Tolstoy, 259). This comparison to Gaius Julius Caesar demonstrates that Ivans attitude towards death is severely misunderstood. For Heidegger, this statement would seem to imply Ivan Ilych fell into the inauthentic way of life, unable to face his death with acceptance and bravery, preferring instead to be coddled and pitied. Conclusion The Death of Ivan Ilych is primarily a meditation on the nature of death. For Heidegger, death brings our lives into focus. Referencing Leo Tolstoys The Death of Ivan Ilych as an example, Heidegger argues that most people go through life in avoidance of the reality the possibility to end all possibilities ones death. Heidegger is confident that by anticipating death, we can ensure an authentic way of being.

The Development Strategies Of Budget Hotels In China Marketing Essay

The Development Strategies Of Budget Hotels In China Marketing Essay With rapid economic growth in China, the Chinas tourism industry has entered a huge stage of development. Such as mass tourism, individual travel, business travel has increased. Related data show that in 2020 there will be the number of tourists from the world to could reach 300 billion people. The market share is highest. According to the huge data, here is a huge market demand for budget hotel industry. At present Chinas tourism industry already entered the large-scale travel stage. The travellers are willing to accept clean, cheap, basic-service hotels. In order to meet Chinas tourism and business needs, the new trend is development of the international level of budget hotels. Here are some typical Chinas budget hotel chain such as Home Inns, Jin Jiang Inns, and 7 days Inns. They are use chain business model adapt to the China tourism industrys needs, the development will bring new opportunities for the hotel industry. The advantages of the budget hotel are the operational model i s small, the low-cost investment required, and easily developing chain business-make the hotels have a brand, customers, quality management based on low-cost investment. But the industry will face challenges by many local and foreign hotel competitors appear in the industry. And the budget hotel industry is in the preliminary stage, the concept of budget hotel is unclear, no standard industry rules, carefully dividing a market, and the marketing strategy also need to be development. The budget hotel industry has to develop marketing strategy to seek the road of sustainable development. In this paper, marketing strategy of budget hotel in China is the object of this study. I will evaluate the current situation of budget hotels industry in china, and analyze the problems in the budget hotel development. I will describe the marketing strategy of the Home Inns case study, using their successful marketing strategy to identify appropriate development strategies for budget hotels industry in China. I will focus on the marketing strategy theory from my BBA programme to analyze the actual problems and the successful industry cases such as Home Inns that will provide a great guiding to Chinas budget hotel industry have a new development strategy. Orientation The overview of China budget hotel industry In China the budget hotels is still a new concept. In Europe and the United States, the budget hotels are quite mature industry. It is compared with the full-service hotels form. But there is no form definition for budget hotel. We can accord the characteristics of the budget hotel to define the budget hotels is as follows: limited facilities and services; aimed at the travelers and business travelers market; standardized operation; the price is low usually below in 300 RMB in China (Table 1); branded network of hotels; located on major road networks or in secondary urban locations such as retail parks. They are generally good quality, service standards, the comfortable environment and value for money bedrooms designed and marketed in such a way as to appeal to the travelling public and is a cost-effective modern hotel business (Jones, 2002). Table 1- The Published Room Price of Home Inns Budget Hotels Room Bed Price Standard 1F Double: 15m2  ¥227 Standard King size 1F King size: 15m2  ¥227 Standard ¼Ã‹â€ 2F-4F ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° Double: 15m2  ¥265 Business ¼Ã‹â€ 2F-4F ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° King size:15m2  ¥265 (Source: Home Inn website) According to the Chinese budget hotel industry report 2011-2012, I saw the Chinas budget hotel industry has a rapid increase in market share. In 2011, the Market size grew 45 percent year-on-year to RMB26 billion and the number of budget hotels grew by almost 42.85 percent to 7,314. The industry is still in the big but not strong stage. For the market share, the total revenue of hotels in China has a concentration ratio just 37 percent in 2011. In future completion progression, the fast market expansion mainly through franchise chains, mergers and acquisitions. (China budget hotel industry report, 2011-2012. 2012) Analyzing the current business portfolio of the China budget hotels may use the Boston Consulting Group Approach (BCG) to measure market share and growth of their business. Here is a high-share business units in low-growth market is called Cash Cow. They need to develop strategies for growth. The hotels need growth if they are to compete more effectively, more satisfy their customers, and attract more professional staffs. The purpose of strategic planning is to find ways in which the budget hotel industry can best use its strengths to take advantage of attractive opportunities in the environment of the China budget hotel industry. (Armstrong Kotler, 2007) SWOT Analysis A SWOT analysis is a useful tool to evaluate the businesss overall strengths (S), weaknesses (W), opportunities (O), and threats (T) (Table 2). It analyzes businesss markets and marketing environments and base objective to find attractive opportunities and identify environmental threats. The strengths and weaknesses are in the internal environment, and opportunities and threats are in the external environment. I will use this tool to analyze the current situation of the budget hotel industry strengths and weaknesses in the internal environment to determine which opportunities it is best. The goal is to match the industrys strengths to attractive opportunities, overcoming the weakness and minimizing the threats (Armstrong Kotler, 2007). The SWOT analysis can be very good response current situation of the industry. Strengths Internal capabilities that may help a company reach its objectives Weaknesses Internal limitations that may interfere with a companys ability to achieve its objectives Opportunities External factors that the company may be able to exploit to its advantage Threats Current and emerging external factors that may challenge the companys performanceTable 2-SWOT Analysis Internal External Positive Negative (Source: Text book Marketing: An Introduction, Figure 2.7) The strengths of China budget hotel business: Low cost investment: the cost of budget hotel is lower than other star hotels, the development is easy. Price advantage: the budget hotel can proved a lower price for good quality, service standards, the comfortable environment, and the bedrooms designed. Customer advantage: the low price of the budget hotels can better attract customers improving occupancy rates. Management advantages: budget hotel use chain business operation, it is easy to set up management model and adapt to market competition. Information advantages: easily set up their own network, customer service systems, and reservation system. Using modern technology can obtain more stable customer source. (Zhao Guo, 2006) The weaknesses of China budget hotel business: Huge numbers of budget hotels had flocked together in China. No standard competition model in the industry. Lack of clear market positioning Lack of standard management system Some budget hotels cheap equipment cannot meet the customers needs. (Meadin, 2010) The opportunities of China budget hotel business: There is a huge Market demand for growth in China. According the world tourism organization predict the worlds largest tourism country will be China in 2020. Now, the demand of the budget hotels increases along with the increase number of Chinese tourists and foreign tourists. (Meadin Website, 2010) Change of consumption idea and behavior. With the improvement of the living standard of Chinese people, the consumption idea and behavior began to improve. So there is a huge space for development. (Zhao Guo, 2006) The threats of China budget hotel business: There is so much competition for the China budget hotel industry. Foreign budget hotel into the Chinese market. And the brand of Chinese budget hotel continues to expand. There are a lot of potential competitors and substitute hotels. Crisis of confidence. Some budget hotel cannot meet the needs of customers such as cheap facilities, low service quality, and bad hotel operations. This made a negative impact for the budget hotel industry. Lack of professional human resource management. The rapid growth of budget hotel in China to make the lack of management model and professional staffs. (Zhao Guo, 2006) The features of China budget hotels The limitation of product: the core of the budget hotels is accommodation. They remove some unnecessary service to cut the cost. Quality of services and products: the budget hotels emphasize the comfortable of guest room facilities, clean and convenient environment, and service standards. Reasonable price of the budget hotels: the main target markets are tourists, students, business man etc. The price is usually below 300 RMB. (Table 1) Chain business operation: a lot of budget hotel use chain business model such as JinJiang Inns, Home Inns etc. This way can enhance brand value, expand business range. This is important difference between other star hotels. (Zhang, 2008) The problems of China budget hotel industry Lack of service standards The biggest problem of the budget hotel is no-standard service, poor facilities of some budget hotels, and difficult to meet the needs of the customers. Most of the budget hotels management does not reach the position, low service level, and the environment is not enough comfortable. Some budget hotel also operate old low-star hotel model. They are not professional for the budget hotels core of service. The definition of the budget hotel is safe, clean, providing basic life needs. The budget only is less investment and less supporting facilities. It is not to decrease the basic management of service quality. Budget hotels investment is less, but also need to have a standard rules and basic service quality and professional level. (Gao, 2009) Lack of brand awareness In China budget hotel industry, the brand awareness is not strong. Many of the budget hotels are individual operation that not build a scale business and brand effect. The development of individual operation by the price competition is negative for the development of the industry. The customers acknowledge of brand and choice of service brand gradually growth that has also become a kind of consumption habits. Now the most main competition is brand competition, if the hotels have not a brand image they will lose competitiveness power. Actively implement the brand strategy has become an important issue for the budget hotel management. At present, the most of the Chinas budget hotels did not build a scale business and also not use chain operation, except JinJiang Inns and Home Inns have brand and collectivization characteristic. There are few budget hotel create their own brand awareness. (Gao, 2009) Lack of professional human resource Lack of professional talents is a development bottleneck with the company size is continually expanding. The lack of professional talents can easily lead nonstandard service operation skills and poorly service quality. The team building and developing personnel sources from which to recruit potential employees is so important for the company development. The budget hotels need the employees who can handle a wider variety of responsibilities that training and developing managers is so important (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhar, Wright, 2009). The professional talent competition is so importance for budget hotel industry. In practice, the budget hotels are faced with the lack of professional talents. The human resources required of the budget hotels are one person who can on more jobs and more abilities manager but there is lack of human resource in the market. Therefore, the Chinas budget hotel industry will face the strong challenge from foreign brand and capital. Attracting talents and crea ting high quality management team is so important improvement for the China budget hotel industry. There only have the strong human resource development the budget hotel achieve the goals by service standard and operation standardization. (Gao, 2009) Difficult to build scale management The budget hotel industry is an emerging industry. Many owners dont have a lot of management experience. At the same time, the budget hotel both in size and in financial resources is limited. The development of the budget hotel industry is mainly at an individual operation situation, so the weak profits for owners and for customers is difficult to meet their requirements. The budget hotel industry need to change the management model is necessary. (Gao, 2009) No clear market segmentation In China many budget hotels do not have clear target market and or market segmentation that causes the market overlap or product design is not obvious difference so lack of different subdivided market demand for products and services. In China there have been no analyses on budget hotel clear division of products to meet different customers with customer demand for the industry. In foreign the budget hotel can be divided into three categories: full service hotel, budget hotel, and cheap hotel. The three levels of the price and the facilities is bigger difference. At present the product design of the Chinas budget hotel is single. There is no obvious difference of product and individuality characteristic. The different customers have different demand that reflected in product demand. There has a strong required for product differentiation. (Qiang, 2008) Research Methodology In this paper, I will use case study method. This project uses the Home Inns budget hotel in China. It is successful marketing strategy experience for the budget hotel market. And analyze the issues and current situation of the Chinas budget hotel industry. After analysis, I find some greatest marketing strategy for the industry help other hotels to find their own suitable development road. They have appropriate marketing strategies to compete with other competitors, and establish their own brand image. The main research contents: Introduction the research background and objectives, the structure of this project, and the significance of the research in this paper; Analysis of the current situation and business environment of the budget hotel industry, include the definition and characteristic of the budget hotel, and defining the problems of the budget hotel industry; Analysis of the marketing strategy of Home Inns, include the introduction of Home Inns and its successful marketing strategies. Reporting the findings, include develop the greatest marketing strategy for the budget hotel industry based on analysis of the Home Inns marketing strategy and the theory of marketing strategy. Data collection: I plan to gather information from the Primary data and secondary data. The secondary data has been collected include magazine, newspaper articles, books and internet articles or journals, and a thesis on a marketing strategy topic. The main data is based on the secondary data source. On the other hand, the primary data also been used include internal report and document from their owned Website of the companies. I also will collect some literature and theory based on my BBA courses include marketing management, strategy management, small business management, human resource management, and service operations management what factors help the budget hotel industry find the appropriate road to face the challenges and develop their own marketing strategies. Review of Literature Introduction of Home Inns In China, Home Inn was founded in 2002 that is the first budget hotel company for the 21st century. The vision of the company is wherever you go, you are always at home with professional and courteous service, comfortable rooms, convenient locations, and low prices that make attractive for leisure travelers and individual business who demand clean, comfortable and convenient environment of the budget hotel. Home Inn continues to rapidly expand its nationwide network of hotels. In November 2011, Home Inn launched a new hotel brand- Yitel for the middle-class and high-class market. They also completed the acquisition of an all ownership interest of Motel 168 hotel chain and have retained the Motel 168 brand in October 2011. In 2012, home Inns operated across 243 cities in China with a total of 1,682 hotels (Appendix-2). Their goal is to continue expanding to ensure whatever how large grows they will always keep the consistent quality and superior service that guide each hotel in the ho me Inns group (Overview of Home Inn, 2013). Home Inn is a largest budge hotel company in China with a 23.7% market share in 2012. (Appendix-3) The history of the Home Inn is Ji Qi one of Ctrip founders who founded a good business chance. Because Ji Qi noticed a lot of traveler complaints the price is so expensive of the hotels in the Ctrip Website. After some analysis and reaches he found in China the full-service star hotels is not economy and the cheap hotel is poorly quality. This opportunity let Ji Qi created a chain brand idea for the hospitality industry in China. So the Home Inns hotel brand is developed. (Ma Chen, 2008) Analysis of marketing strategy in Home Inns The brand of Home Inn hotel is rapid growth in a short period that has become a first budget hotel chain. Its successful management strategy will be used for other budget hotels in China. To subdivide the market segmentation The company must to divide the market segmentation to decide its clear market positioning strategy. The company designs the strategy to build the right relationships with the right customers. First the company need to identify a set of possible competitive advantages which to build a position, second step is company chooses the right competitive advantages, and last one step is the company selects an greatest positioning strategy. Then the company must to effectively communicate and deliver the chosen position to the market. Market positioning includes deciding how to best serve target customers and setting the competitive advantage for the company. Company positioning should be summarized in positioning statements that state the target segment, positioning concept, and specific points of difference. (Armstrong Kotler, 2007) The segment market will be the direction for Chinas budget hotel business in the future, said Ye Bingxi the senior public relations manager at Home Inns and hotel management Inc. (Wang, 2012) The market position of Home Inns is the middle and high-end business hotel for individual business and leisure travellers who need a comfortable and clean hotel room at right price, Home Inns is a good choice that allows you feel the warmth of your home. The market is more carefully segmented to target customers. The Home Inns provide basic living facilities, clean room, and the equipment is simple and reasonable for individual business and leisure travellers will get the comfortable, clean and safe hotel environment at the right price is around 200 RMB. The clear positioning is an important competitive advantage. The marketing positioning of Home Inns to highlight their own characteristic, such as the room design is very unique. The most direct impression of the Home Inns is warm, simple, and convenient. They deliver the unique products and service for customers best impression. (Su, Shen Zhong, 2009) To emphasize quality consistency The high quality also can mean high levels of quality consistency. Today many companies have turned customer-driven quality into a potent strategic power. Customer-centered companies define quality in terms of creating customer value and satisfaction. They want to create customer satisfaction and value that is necessary of consistently meeting customers needs (Armstrong Kotler, 2007). A good quality control is a system used by a manager to ensure that the finished services meet the needs of customers. Effective quality control is needed to set standards for the service quality range, measure actual performance, and compare that performance with established standards (Byrd Megginson, 2009). Attracting talents and building a high quality management team is so important for perform the established standards of the service quality and ensure the quality consistency. There is only the strong human resource development lead the budget hotel to achieve the goals by maintaining the service standard and operation standardization. For a chain business, the service quality control is so important. If you dont have a good standard of the hotel will not be able to assure the quality of the company brand. The Home Inns practice has great directed function. Standardized service is a huge challenge for budget hotel chains. Only the standardized service can help consistently service quality. The Home Inns have established an effective management system. There are external and internal factor. External factors include industry, product, service and marketing. Inside factor include human resources, management system and core competitiveness. The home inn have wrote standards and procedures have established their own service standards. The different departments and teams within our management work together to maintain strong internal control and strengthen focus on risk management. (Tang, 2007) To build strong brand In China mostly budget hotels are single business form, no scale formation without the brand. For a budget hotel the brand is powerful assets that must be carefully developed and managed. The strong brand provides a company with many competitive advantages can create big benefits. A powerful brand enjoys a high level of consumer brand awareness and loyalty. The brand exists in the minds of customers. The real value of a strong brand is its power to capture consumer preference and loyalty that expanding the market share. (Armstrong Kotler, 2007) The Home Inns created their own brand that direct represents the characteristic and culture of the business in the market. The well-known brand is based on the quality of the products and services that maximum to meet the needs of the consumers. Home Inns create their own brand mainly following several ways as: Fist, Home Inns on the brand name is fully considered the characteristic of the budget hotels. On the one hand, home reflects the warmth, comfortable, home feeling meet the customer psychological needs. On the other hand also reflects its convenient and expeditious such as quick reservation system, good traffic conditions customer can easily and quickly find Home Inns. Secondly, through the reasonable and rapid expanding, home Inns hotel chain in order to build the good image. Third, Home Inns more focus on the satisfaction of the brand. The Quality control always is in the expanded scale process. Survey of customer satisfaction is used to timely analyze the customers comments and opinions, and then plan the best solution strategy at the first time. Finally, in the information and technology society, Home Inns paid more attention to the promotion such as advertising and public relationship. Include print, radio, television, magazines etc. The building advertising is an important part in the Home Inns marketing and is also a modern communication to achieved good effect. The Home Inns hotel builds up a good corporate image in the industry. (Su, Shen Zhong, 2009) To perform the chain operation strategy The budget hotel industry has to use the chain operation value for the biggest value. Because the low price of the budget hotels they should be collectivization and chain operation way for obtain more market share and development space. The chain operation strategy has many advantages over independents. Home Inns is a leading economy hotel chain in Chain. Home Inn Company has clear market position, standardized service processes, daily operations management and supervision system can make a best chain forms. They also provide the strong financial support, and then the ideal chain brand is effectively created. Home Inns use regular chain and franchise chain to expand the market size and the numbers of the home inns hotel. There are nine service support for franchise business, such as brand support, sales support, engineering and maintenance, and chartered service, maintenance profit, standard manuals, training, hotel management and network technical support content to ensure the standard of service and replication, as well as the brand is effectively expand (Tang, 2007). By the end of 2010, Home Inns Company has a total of 674 hotels covering 121 cities in China. Under Home Inns chain mode, its total room number is 7,8231 (Appendix 4). Its average per hotel guest room number is 116. In 2010, annual average every hotel room revenue is RMB 144. Under the back ground of collectivization and standardized chain replication model, Home Inns budget brings a large scale chain like brand effect. (Baidu, 2013) Research Finding Home Inns success experiences maximum meet customers needs and the basic requirement such as convenient, comfortable, clean environment and through the brand strategy and chain strategy to realize the company development. Now here is some the development issues of the budget hotel industry in China such as no clear market segmentation and poor brand marketing. But with the rapid development of Chinese economy and the tourism industry, the demand of budget hotels become more and more strong in the market. There are some success marketing strategies for the industry from Home Inns. Differentiation strategy Differentiation strategy provides the budget hotel products and services that offer benefits different from other competitors. The aim is to achieve competitive advantage by offering better products or services at the same price. The success of a differentiation strategy is likely to be dependent on two key factors: identifying and understanding the strategic customer that focuses consideration on who the strategy is targeting; and identifying key competitors (Johnson, Scholes Whittington, 2008). In China most budget hotel is not clear on the market segmentation. The target market is single, no clear subdivision. Here the Homs Inns is good example for the industry they accord different age will be divided into the senior passenger market and youth passenger market segment, and also be divided according the occupation. So the budget hotel industry should accord the gender, income and other factors to design different budget hotel products and service to meet the needs of the consumers for obtaining the customers loyalty. At the same time, the features of the budget hotel are also important for the differentiation strategy. The budget hotels implement specialization strategy the characteristic factors to meet diversification of the consumer demand and required. They need to focus on the maintaining the general service characteristics such as economic, comfortable and convenient and at same time creating the significant personality characteristics such as new concept and new acc ommodation experience to attract consumers is the service extends to the spiritual aspects. For chain operation, each budget hotel has different regional resources and market conditions advantages that through the diversification reengineering will be make the best choice for the budget hotel chain management. (Huang, 2012) Actively promote Chain operation The chain operation is the main trend in the budget hotel industry. Home Inn is a biggest chain operation business in China. It is good to ensure the most important customers resources through the chain model. The business travelers will choose familiar brand when they need a hotel service in another city. So the key of the chain operation management is to open enough hotel stores in more and more city that keep the travelers can find themselves familiar brand in different cities. Fist, individual economic only have small profits, the budget hotel is difficult to obtain rapid development by single unit profit. The scale economy is consequentially development trend. Second, the hotel is in a specific space environment to the customer provide accommodation facilities and service industry. The hotel hardware facilities is fixed in the specific space so the single budget hotel sales has a larger space limitations, will seriously affect to attract customers. Now the consumers activity area presents a wide range feature. Single budget hotel only through chain operation to speed expand their business scale and through the scale business reduce transaction costs and management cost, and integration of internal resources, expand the brand influence, the market competition advantage can be achieved. The chain operation management is the necessary way for the budget hotel industry development in China. (zhao, 2007) Brand strategy Brand is the intangible assets of the budget hotel it can produce huge economic benefits. Brand strategy is very effective marketing strategy. Brand is the culture and the unique advantages of different budget hotels. Brand is like the life of the budget hotel chain operation management, because the brand can let customer best understand and feel the different characteristic with other budget hotels that enhance consumers loyalty and identity. The well-know brand also is so important for the chain operation management that is effective competitive advantage. (zhao, 2007) The budget hotels need to manage brands as assets calls for longer-term strategy, maintain and protect their brands image, associations, quality, and to prevent short-term actions. First, the brands positioning must be continuously communicated to consumers that create brand awareness and to build preference and loyalty. The customers loyalty depends on the longer-term brand experience about the budget hotels consistent quality services and products. The budget hotel quality brand mainly through the image features, the price, the accommodation, the service staffs, and the hardware facilities to the customers produce the first impression. So the budget hotel build their brand depend on the long-term quality management and effective marketing strategy. The budget hotel needs to pay more attention to improve their own quality, and to train its staffs for professional manager market that to help employees understand and be enthusiastic about the brand promise. (Armstrong Kotler, 2007) Service strategy Service strategy is so important for the service industry-budget hotel industry. The service is to satisfy the needs of their customers through the place, staffs, price, equipment, and communications that they can see. For example, the budget hotel room is tangible services to customers enjoy the intangible service such as clean, warmth, comfortable. The budget hotel need to improve the service quality to meet the customers demand let them really feel the value. Successful budget hotels focus their attention on both their customers and their employees. First they need to ensure the internal

Feenbergs Beliefs Of Technology :: essays research papers

Feenberg believes his Critical Theory of Technology to be the most useful and accurate of his three theories on technology. His critical theory of technology is said to be a combination of the best points of both the substantive and instrumental theories of technology while simultaneously allowing for technological progress. For the purpose of this paper, I will go into depth on Feenberg’s critical theory of technology; however, in order to understand this theory, we must briefly examine his two other theories of technology, which are the substantive, and the instrumental theories of technology. Feenberg has three views of technology. They are the instrumental theory, the substantive theory, and the critical theories of technology. The instrumental theory is "the dominant view of modern governments and the policy sciences on which they rely." (Feenberg P. 5) It views technology as inferior to certain values in other societies. The substantive theory "argues that technology constitutes a new type of cultural system that restructures the entire social world as an object of control." (Feenberg p. 7) This substantive theory forces technology on societies typical customs and ideas. The third view on technology is what Feenberg believes to be the most useful and accurate. This would be his critical theory of technology, which is said to be a combination of the best points of both the substantive and instrumental theories of technology while allowing for technological progress as well. The substantive theory of technology argues that the effect technology has on society is more damaging then the visible effects of the technologies themselves. Jacques Ellul and Martin Heidegger believe that technology establishes a new way of living that rebuilds society as something that they cannot control themselves. An example would be to compare fast food to a home cooked meal. Though some argue that fast food is an amazing technology in itself by allowing one to receive hot food in a few minutes notice, others will argue differently. Some see it as a replacement of the home cooked meal that brings families together every evening for dinner. This is the time for families to share and communicate their thoughts, feelings and ideas with one another. Everyone is able to catch up with each other despite the craziness in one's own life. The convenience and technology of fast food takes something away from families and the one chance a day that they might not otherwise receive to talk to one another.

The Disgusted Teacher :: Teachers Teaching Education Writing Essays

The Disgusted Teacher In her paper, a student must not only support her belief in the death penalty, but also present counter-arguments to the readings. In response to an essay which claims that the death penalty is used in a racially biased way, the student writes, "Mostly blacks are given the death penalty because blacks are more violent and commit more crimes than other races." A student's assignment asks whether or not the U.N. should put a stop to infibulation in the Third World. The assignment is couched in and refers back to readings about multiculturalism and respect for other systems of belief. The student bypasses these questions and, as his main argument, suggests that infibulation should not be stopped because women who have had the operation, unlike American women, do not cheat on their husbands. A student comes into the University Writing Center, seeking help with a first year composition assignment on homosexual marriage. Her ideas are unfocused and she has no support for her view that gays should not be allowed to marry. After a half-hour, the student finally reveals that she is having trouble because, like Queen Victoria, she doesn't believe homosexuals actually exist. The frustrated (and gay) tutor bursts out with, "Well, you've been talking to one for the last half hour!" It can happen at any moment, to any instructor, that sudden, unreal feeling when a student voices a view that seems simply wrong. Not unsupported, or badly thought out, but simply, obviously and completely wrong. Women are biologically programmed to be neater than men. Vegetarians are cold all the time and die early because they don't eat enough protein. Children placed in day care grow up to be psychopathic killers. These kinds of views can surface anytime, but they seem to come up more often and to be more of a problem in first-year writing classes. They come up more often, it seems, because first-year writing classes are small, discussion-driven and tend to focus on building arguments by examining such controversial topics as abortion and the death penalty. First-year writing classes also focus on the student's ability to present and defend an opinion, rather than master a set of facts or theories. They are more problematic in these classes than elsewhere because the opinions form the basis of written work.

Study on the Historical Background of Parental Involvement

Although parents and instructors have interacted since schools were foremost formed in the United States, the construct of parental engagement has changed over clip ( Cutler, 2000 ) . In the early 19th century, parents and the community greatly controlled the actions of the schools. The place, church, and school supported the same ends for acquisition and for the integrating of the pupil into the grownup community ( Prentice and Houston, 1975 ) . The community, including the parents and church, were in control of the educational system by engaging instructors, developing the course of study, and turn toing maturity accomplishments necessary for their environment. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a different form of partnerships began. Parental authorization began to decrease and local school control could be seen in the increased authorization of province, county, and territory educational systems. During this clip period the school began to draw off from the community cognition and towards the educational expertness of the instructors. Up to this clip, it was thought that anyone could learn ( DeMoss, 1998 ) . Rearing was supplemented by direction and course of study in schools ( Berger, 1991 ) . Throughout this displacement, pupil coursework became enhanced in countries that the parents and community members did non hold cognition of or a background in. As a consequence, Epstein ( 2001 ) suggested that parents were expected to take on a different role-that of fixing their kids for school by leaving values, duty, and other normally held work moralss. During the 1960s, educational theoreticians and the federal authorities began to back the transition of statute law back uping such plans as Head Start, Home Start, and Follow Through ( Berger, 1991 ) . As schools became larger and more impersonal, beds of school bureaucratism were added. This made it hard for parents to go involved. The importance of enlisting parents and community members as spouses in instruction has been on the head since 1965. In the 1990 ‘s, the U.S. Department of Education and Secretary of Education Richard Riley shined a limelight on school, household, and community partnerships ( Epstein, 2001 ) . Currently, federal Torahs have required school territories to include parents to help in educating the young person of America. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act ( ESEA ) is a United States federal legislative act enacted on April 11, 1965 as an built-in portion of Lyndon B. Johnson ‘s â€Å" War on Poverty † . The passage of the ESEA revolutionized the federal authorities ‘s function in instruction. Prior to the jurisprudence ‘s transition, educational policy-making had been the close sole sphere of province and local authoritiess. The ESEA is the largest individual beginning of federal support for kindergarten through 12th grade instruction. It was the first federal act to apportion money straight to hapless schools, communities, and kids. Although it did non hold a direct connexion with parent and community engagement, this federal act led the manner to turn toing the demand for partnerships outside of the local school system. The Coleman Report, besides known as Equality of Educational Opportunity, was a research survey commissioned by the U. S. Department of Education in conformity with the freshly passed Civil Rights Act of 1964. Coleman ‘s study uncovered the cause of disparity between Black and White schools in America. The paper stated that public instruction did significantly impact the ability of pupils to make their full potency. The Coleman Report besides cited household environment as the significant factor for the successful academic accomplishment among those kids. James Coleman concluded that kids who lacked support or a value of instruction in their place were at a disadvantage and could non larn at the same rate as those pupils emerging from wealthier households valuing educational direction ( Coleman, 1966 ) . In 1975, Congress passed Public Law 94-142 ( Education of All Handicapped Children Act ) . In order to have federal financess, provinces must develop and implement policies that assure a free appropriate public instruction to all kids with disablements. In 1990, Public Law 94-142 was renamed to Persons with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) . IDEA was reauthorized in 1997. IDEA includes cardinal rules to steer households and professionals to work together to heighten the educational chances for their kids. IDEA requires active parent engagement throughout the educational procedure, including the development of the kid ‘s Individualized Educational Program ( IEP ) . The overall end of this jurisprudence is to keep an equal and respectful partnership between schools and households ( The History of IDEA, 2004 ) . A noteworthy impact on parental engagement is a consequence of IDEA by promoting parents to recommend for their kid and to supply input for the class of their kid †˜s instruction. In the 1980s, the U.S. Department of Education every bit good as the National Association of State Boards of Education, along with assorted professional forte associations, took leading functions in developing theoretical accounts of successful parent-school coaction plans ( Berger, 1991 ) . By the 1990s, politicians every bit good as parents were progressively demanding answerability from public instruction and both entities encouraged federal statute law to mandate such answerability. Grolnick and Slowiaczek ( 1994 ) maintained that there was an increasing acknowledgment within development, sociological, and educational theories that both the school and place were critical establishments responsible for the socialisation and instruction of kids. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 was reauthorized with the Improving America ‘s Schools Act ( IASA ) of 1994. The focal point of reauthorizing the ESEA was to alter the manner pedagogues deliver direction, promote comprehensive systemic school reform, strengthen answerability, and advance the coordination of resources to better instruction for all kids. The comprehensive school reform in this act was predicated on four cardinal rules: ( a ) high criterions for all pupils, ( B ) better trained instructors to learn to high criterions, ( degree Celsius ) flexibleness to excite local enterprise along with duty for consequences, and ( vitamin D ) advancing partnerships among households, communities, and schools ( National Education Goals Panel, 1995 ) . Although advancing partnerships among households, communities, and schools was a founding rule of the reauthorization of ESEA, Congress did non include a formal end focused on parental engagement until it reauthorization in 1994, when President Bill Clinton signed into jurisprudence the Goals 2000: Educate America Act. This act consisted of eight National Education Goals for the twelvemonth 2000. Goal 8 provinces: â€Å" By the twelvemonth 2000, every school will advance partnerships that will increase parental engagement and engagement in advancing the societal, emotional, and academic growing of kids † ( National Education Goals Panel, 1995 ) . Thus the end of parental engagement had changed from the proviso of inactive functions for parents in the 1980s to one of coaction and partnerships between schools and parents in the 1990s. The 2001 reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, entitled the No Child Left Behind Act ( NCLB ) , continues a legislative committedness to parental engagement begun in 1965. Cardinal characteristics of the 1988 and 1994 reauthorizations, such as school-parent compacts, parental engagement policies, and the parental engagement support expression, remain predominately unchanged. However, the 2001 reauthorization represents a noteworthy displacement in the expected function of parental engagement in the schools. It includes new commissariats increasing parental presentment demands, parental choice of educational options, and parental engagement in administration. The new jurisprudence envisions parents non merely as participants, but besides as informed and empowered determination shapers in their kids ‘s instruction ( Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, 2002 ) . Title I, Section 1118 is entirely devoted to rear engagement. Title I provides the nucleus elements that include many of the other parental engagement commissariats of NCLB. Epstein outlined the four rules characterized by Section 1118: ( 1 ) parental engagement requires multilevel leading, ( 2 ) parental engagement is a constituent of school and schoolroom organisation, ( 3 ) parental engagement recognizes the shared duties of pedagogues and households for kids ‘s acquisition and success in school, and ( 4 ) parent engagement plans must include all households, even those who are non presently involved, non merely the easiest to make ( 2005 ) . The first clip in history of the ESEA, federal jurisprudence contained a definition of parental engagement, which is: the engagement of parents in regular, bipartisan, and meaningful communicating affecting pupil academic acquisition and other school activities including: helping their kid ‘s acquisition ; being actively involved in their kid ‘s instruction at school ; functioning as full spouses in their kid ‘s instruction and being included, as appropriate, in decision-making and on consultative commissions to help in the instruction of their kid ( NCLB, Section 9101.32, 2002 ) . The NCLB confirms the importance of parent engagement. The declared intent of the NCLB legislative act is to â€Å" guarantee that all kids have a just, equal, and important chance to obtain a high-quality instruction and range, at a lower limit, proficiency on disputing State academic accomplishment criterions and province academic appraisals † ( U.S. Department of Education, 2001 ) . In a 2006, Appleseed Foundation study entitled â€Å" It Takes a Parent, † parental involvement elements of the NCLB were examined by a pool of 16 province and local organisations, in 18 school territories in six provinces. There were three decisions which emerged from the survey. First, despite federal authorizations and parental engagement research, school territories, and single schools had non wholly encompassed parental engagement as a primary pupil accomplishment scheme. The Appleseed Foundation ( 2006 ) suggested that this deficiency of widespread parental engagement in schools had been the consequence of several causes: The deficiency of clear and meaningful appraisals by which effectual parental engagement policies and plans could be measured. Limited consciousness and preparation on how to affect parents. A conjunct attempt to run into the answerability constituents of NCLB, such as proving and teacher quality, instead than parental engagement ( Appleseed Foundation, 2006 ) . Second, there was still a demand for bing parental engagement authorizations to be to the full understood, supported, and implemented. The Appleseed study ( 2006 ) recommended that province, territory, and school leaders work to implement the Torahs that soon exist. Third, a figure of promising parental engagement patterns and theoretical accounts emerged during the survey. The Appleseed study ( 2006 ) concluded that many parents did non have clear and timely information about their kids and their schools ; that poorness, linguistic communication, and cultural differences are barriers to parental engagement ; and school leaders do non uniformly value that parental engagement as an answerability scheme. Parental engagement continues to be studied by research workers, pedagogues, and parents who understand that parental engagement is an indispensable component in the success of pupils and schools. High accomplishing schools recognize that parents are a necessary constituent of the educational procedure. Schools and instructors are still being encouraged to travel parental engagement policies, plans, and patterns from the side to the head of their accomplishment scheme ( Appleseed, 2006 ) . Twenty-five old ages ago, Missouri pioneered the construct of assisting parents embrace their of import function as their kid ‘s first and best instructor. Today, Parents as Teachers continues to fit early childhood organisations and professionals with information and tools that are relevant-and widely applicable-to today ‘s parents, households and kids. The Parents as Teachers leading squad and Board of Directors is engaged in a three-year strategic program, which places the organisation as a valued spouse to back up the organisations and professionals who serve households and kids, particularly those most vulnerable. The construct for Parents as Teachers was developed in the 1970s when Missouri pedagogues noted that kids were get downing kindergarten with changing degrees of school preparedness. Research showed that greater parent engagement is a critical nexus in the kid ‘s development of larning accomplishments, including reading and authorship. Early on childhood professionals suggested that a plan to supply early sensing of developmental holds and wellness issues, and parent instruction to assist parents understand their function in promoting their kid ‘s development from the beginning could assist better school preparedness and parent engagement. With support from the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education and The Danforth Foundation, Parents as Teachers began in 1981 in Missouri as a pilot undertaking for first-time parents of neonates. Acknowledging the plan ‘s benefits and cost effectivity, the Missouri legislative assembly provided province support in 1985 to implement Parents as Teachers plans in all Missouri school territories. Since 1985, Parents as Teachers has expanded to all 50 provinces and seven other states ( Parents as Teachers, 2010 ) . The Parent/Family Involvement Resolution was adopted on November 14, 2005, by the Missouri State Board of Education. Within the declaration the Missouri State Board of Education believes that schools must make an environment that is contributing to larning and that strong, comprehensive parent/family engagement is an of import constituent. Parent/family engagement in instruction requires a concerted attempt with functions for the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, school territories, parents/families, and communities ( Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, 2005 ) .Parental Involvement ResearchThe common wisdom is that parental engagement and strong schools are inseparable-that you can non hold on without the other. Research indicates a strong nexus between parental engagement and pupil accomplishment ( Hester, 1989 ) . Harmonizing to Vandergrift and Greene ( 1992 ) , parent engagement has two independent constituents: parents as protagonists and pa rents as active spouses. Concentrating on one of these constituents entirely is non a sufficient attack to parental engagement. The ideal is the parent who is both supportive and active. Hester ( 1989 ) discusses parental engagement from the following position: parents as instructors, parents as protagonists of activities, parents as scholars and parents as advocators. Hester besides emphasizes the importance of communicating with parents as an of import portion of engagement. The research on parental engagement in the field of instruction references parents ‘ activities in support of larning at place, in school, and in the community. Joyce Epstein, a taking research worker in the field of parental engagement, identified and studied multiple steps of parental engagement ( Epstein, 1995 ) . As a consequence of this research, Epstein and her co-workers developed a model of six types of engagement with associated activities, challenges, and expected consequences. Rearing: Help all households set up place environments to back up kids as pupils. Communication: Design effectual signifiers of school-to-home and home-to-school communications about school plans and kids ‘s advancement. Volunteering: Recruit and form parent aid and support. Learning At Home: Provide information and thoughts to households about how to assist pupils at place with prep and other curriculum-related activities, determinations, and planning. Decision Devising: Include parents in school determinations, developing parent leaders and representatives. Collaborating With Community: Identify and integrate resources and services from the community to beef up school plans, household patterns, and pupil acquisition and development. There are many grounds for developing school, household and community partnerships. They can better school plans and school clime, provide household services and support and increase parent ‘s accomplishments and leading, connect households with others in the school and in the community and aid instructors with their work. However, the chief ground to make such partnerships is to assist childs win in school and in ulterior life ( Epstein, 1995 ) . The National Parent Teacher Association ( PTA ) Board of Directors ( 1993 ) has endorsed three types of parental engagement: Parents as the first pedagogues in the place, Parents as spouses with the schools, and Parents as advocators for all kids and young person in society. In 1997, the National PTA created and adopted the National Standards for Parent/Family Involvement Programs in support of set uping quality parental engagement plans that enhance pupil acquisition and accomplishment. These criterions were based on Epstein ‘s ( 1987, 1992, 1995 ) theoretical account of parental engagement. As Fan and Chen ( 2001 ) found in their research, rearing manners, as a critical step of parent engagement, have been linked to student public presentation. Fan and Chen examined multiple steps of parent engagement. The research workers identified three concepts of parent engagement: communicating, supervising, and parental outlooks. Communication refers to parents ‘ frequent and systematic treatments with their kids about school assignment. Supervision includes monitoring when pupils return place from school and what they do after school, supervising clip spent on prep. Parental outlooks were found to be the most critical of the three. These include the mode and extent to which parents communicate their academic aspirations to their kids. Fan and Chen found that high outlooks of parents and pupil perceptual experiences of those outlooks are associated with enhanced accomplishment. The research grounds is now beyond difference. When schools work together with households to back up acquisition, kids tend to win non merely in school, but throughout life. In fact, the most accurate forecaster of a pupil ‘s accomplishment in school is non income or societal position, but the extent to which that pupil ‘s household is able to: Make a place environment that encourages larning Express high ( but non unrealistic ) outlooks for their kids ‘s accomplishment and future callings Become involved in their kids ‘s instruction at school and in the community ( Henderson, 1994 ) .Impact of Parental Involvement on Student AchievementParental engagement is perfectly indispensable to student accomplishment in school and in life. The overpowering surveies and research indicate that there are positive academic results stemming from parental engagement with benefits get downing in early childhood throughout adolescence and beyond ( Henderson & A ; Mapp, 2002 ; Patrikakou, Weisberg, Redding & A ; Walberg, 2005 ) . A kid ‘s acquisition is enhanced when schools encourage parents to excite their kids ‘s rational development. Numerous surveies have shown that the place environment has a powerful consequence on what kids and young person learn, non merely in school but outside of school as good. This environment is well more powerful than the parents ‘ income and instruction in act uponing what kids learn in the first six old ages of life and during the twelve old ages of primary and secondary instruction. One major ground that parental influence is so strong, is because the kids spend more than ninety per centum of their clip from babyhood throughout their childhood outside school under the influence of their parents. Therefore, finally the parents are their first and most of import instructor ( Weinstein & A ; Walberg, 1983 ; Peng & A ; Wright, 1994 ) . Epstein ( 1987 ) found that schools besides affect parent engagement degrees and grounds shows that parents want to go involved but are non allowed to hold unfastened communicating with the school. Conventional avenues for affecting parents in school can be closed to parents due to specific cultural cognition. Parents have a batch of trouble accommodating to the school civilization particularly in non English speech production communities, but cultural cognition is power and it can forestall parents from take parting to the full. Sheldon ( 2002 ) highlighted minimum resources parents get through societal webs as one ground parents are less involved in their kids ‘s instruction. Eccles and Harold ( 1993 ) found that less educated parents switch their attending off from school because they feel unequal to assist their kids with their prep. Henderson has examined the effects of parental engagement and pupil success since 1981. Her initial study, â€Å" The Evidence Grows † documented 35 surveies that showed important, measureable benefits for kids as a consequence of parental engagement. ‘When parents become involved in the kids ‘s schooling, they promote the development of attitudes that are a cardinal to academic accomplishment, attitudes that promote household interaction instead that its societal category or income. If schools treat parents as powerless or unimportant, or if they discourage parents from going involved, they promote the development of attitudes in parents, and accordingly their kids, that inhibit accomplishment ( Henderson, 1981 ) ‘ .

Philippine Literature

A Brief History of Philippine Literature in English I. Pre-Colonial Period –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consisted of early Filipino literature passed down orally; oral pieces have a  communal  authorship – it was difficult to trace the original author of the piece since oral literature did not focus on ownership or copyright, rather on the act of storytelling itself; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many oral pieces became lost in the wave of the new literary influence brought about by the Spanish colonization; however, according to the  Philippine Literature: A History & Anthology, English Edition (Lumbera, B. amp; Lumbera C. ), the pre-colonial period of Philippine literature is considered the longest in the country’s history; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Literature in this period is based on tradition, reflecting daily life activities such as housework, farming, fishing, hunting, and taking care of the children as well; –  Ã‚   Oral pieces told stories which explained heroes and their adventures; they attempted to explain certain natural phenomena, and, at the same time, served as entertainment purposes;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pre-colonial literature showed certain elements that linked the Filipino culture to other Southeast Asian countries (e. g. oral pieces which were performed through a tribal dance have certain similarities to the Malay dance); –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This period in Philippine literature history represented the ethos of the people before the arrival of a huge cultural influence – literature as a cultural tradition, than a form of art that had a particular set of decorum.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early Forms of Philippine Literature:   Ã‚   Bugtong (riddles; a bugtong contains a metaphor called,Talinghaga), Salawikain (proverb);     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Pre-colonial poetry – Tanaga (expresses a view or a value of the world), Ambahan (songs about childhood, human relationships, hospitality; sung by the Mangyan), Duplo (verbal jousts/games), Bayok (thoughts about love), Balagtasan (performed on stage);   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Epic poetry – romantic heroes and heroines that are a reflection of the world as perceived by the early Filipinos.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Notable Works of the Pre-colonial Period:   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚     Ã‚   Tuwaang, Lam-ang, Hinilawod, BantuganII. Spanish Colonial Period (Mid-16th – late 19th century) –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Spanish culture, as reflected in the works of this literature period, showed a clash with the pre-colonial Filipino literature in the beginning. However, due to the length of stay of the colonizers, the Spanis h culture was eventually imbued in the Filipino literature of the period; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Religion became an important theme that had influenced the early Filipino writings which had the presence of paganism – â€Å"Christian Folk-Tale†;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, the influence of religion, besides on the daily life of the natives, was lead by the friar/missionary/parish priest who were appointed by the Spanish government; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite the goal of the Spanish government to turn the country into a full-fledged European colony, the Spanish influence ironically inspired a reformation from the natives, which eventually turned into a revolution; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yet regardless of the conflicts that plagued the relationship between the Spaniards and the Filipinos, a sense of nationalism was formed among the oppressed, and had caused them to rise up to a nat ionalistic cause;   The  essay  genre was recognized amidst the scene of editorial protest – Jose Rizal and Plaridel (Marcelo H. Del Pilar) were among those who opt in using the pen in voicing out the people’s cry instead of the sword; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction of the roman alphabet that gradually replaced the ‘alibata’; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Filipino literature of this period became the predecessor of many more literary works to come in the ages, wherein the theme of nationalism and freedom of speech would be evident.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Philippine Literature and Art during the Spanish Period:   Ã‚   Pasyon and Sinakulo (religious dramas performed during the Holy Week);   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Narrative Poems – Awit; Corrido;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Komedya – a theat rical performance which captured the ideal European lifestyle as portrayed by medieval characters  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Notable Works of the Spanish Period: o  Ã‚   Doctrina Christiana (1593) – the first book ever published in the Philippines; printed by the Dominican Press;   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   May Bagyo Mat’ May Rilim – according to literary historian, Bienvenido Lumbera, is the first printed literary work in Tagalog;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong P.Natin na Tola (1704) – eventually referred to as â€Å"Pasyon,† was written by Gaspar Aquino de Belen; an example of Christian folk epic in which the passion of Jesus Christ was written in relation with the plight of the Filipino people who were oppressed by the colonizers, as well as the values of a Filipino;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Ninay (1885 ) – first Filipino novel written; Pedro Paterno;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Florante at Laura – Francisco â€Å"Balagtas† Baltazar; though there are symbols and themes which dictate the protest of the Filipino against the Spanish regime, it is uncertain as to whether or not Balagtas had intended the issue – which was subtly derived from his work – since he left no notes or additional pieces hat may affirm the conclusion;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Noli Me Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891) – Jose Rizal; works which created an impact on the national consciousness and love for one’s country against the abusive government of the Spaniards;     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   La Solidaridad – Propagandist newspaper. III. American Colonial Period (Late 19th – Mid-20th century) –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Th e gradual decline of the Philippine literature written in Spanish; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The English language eventually became the medium of writing and instruction in schools; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the Spanish colonizers left the country in accordance with the Treaty of Paris, the spirit of nationalism and the desire to be acknowledged of independence did not disappear just yet. Instead, these uniting forces geared into revolting against the new colonizers; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the American colonization period, Philippine literature reflected the ethos of its people under a new role.However, these day-to-day experiences under a new foreign influence, as well as sentiments, were expressed through the English language; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Spanish ‘sarsuwela’ was eventually replaced by the ‘drama’; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One majo r influence of the American occupation on the Filipino literature is its refining in the context of the content and the form. Furthermore, because of this broadened knowledge on the field of literature through the education provided by the American government, Philippine literature has become more than a tradition formed by culture. It has become an art which succeeding poets, fictionists, and playwrights continue to build upon and enrich in every generation; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Beginning with Rizal’s use of social realism as one of the major hemes for his two major novels, the literature during the American colonization also became an involvement, not just reflecting the Filipino experience – a strengthened sense of nationalism deeply rooted in the Filipino pride and culture; –  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unlike in the Spanish colonization period wherein female writers (e. g. Gregoria de Jesus) were overshadowed by their more dominant, male contemporar ies – as a result of the education only being provided to a selected and privileged few –   during the American occupation, women have had their opportunity to enhance their talent by being educated on the craft. In addition, the growing popularity of works written by Filipina writers is the result of the growing audience appreciating literature by females.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Philippine Literature and Art during the American Period:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Short Story o  Ã‚   Poetry in English   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Free Verse in Poetry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Drama  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Notable Works of the American Period: o  Ã‚     Mga Agos sa Disyerto (1964) – Efren R. Abueg, Edgardo M. Reyes, Eduardo Bautista Reyes, Rogeli o L. Ordonez and Rogelio R. Sikat; this short story anthology brought fiction into the age of modernism;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Ako ang Daigdig (1940) – Alejandro G. Abadilla; free verse poem;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Sa Dakong Silangan – Jose Corazon de Jesus; a poem written in the vernacular http://lourdesbraceros. weebly. com/a-brief-history-of-philippine-literature-in-english. html Philippine Literature Literature  (from  Latin  litterae  (plural);  letter) is the  art  of  written work  and can, in some circumstances, refer exclusively to published sources. The wordliterature  literally means â€Å"things made from letters† and the  pars pro toto  term  Ã¢â‚¬Å"letters†Ã‚  is sometimes used to signify â€Å"literature,† as in the  figures of speech†arts  and letters† and â€Å"man of letters. † Literature is commonly classified as having two major forms—fiction and non-fiction—and two major techniques—poetry and prose.Literature may consist of texts based on factual information (journalistic or non-fiction), as well as on original imagination, such as  polemical  works as well asautobiography, and reflective essays as well as  belles-lettres. Literature can be classified according to historical periods, genres, and political influences. The concept of  genre, which earlier was limited, has broadened over the centuries. A genre consists of artistic works which fall within a certain central theme, and examples of genre include  romance,  mystery,  crime,  fantasy,  erotica, and  adventure, among others.Important historical periods in  English literature  includeOld English,  Middle English, the  Renaissance, the 17th Century  Shakespearean  and  Elizabethan  times, the 18th Century  Restoration, 19th Century  Victorian, and 20th Century  Modernism. Important political movements that have influenced literature include  feminism,  post-colonialism,  psychoanalysis,  post-structuralism,  post-modernism,  romanticism, and  Marxism. Literature's three main divisions When most people speak of literature they may be talking about short stories, novels, poems, verse, odes, plays, tragedies, even limericks.This wide variety of terms describing types of literature, at first, appears overwhelming. However figuring all of this out is simplified when you take into account that the menagerie of types begins with three major paradigms: prose, poetry, and drama. Prose Prose  is derived from a Latin root word,  prosa, that means â€Å"straightforward† (other scholars argue that the root for â€Å"prose† is  proversa oratio,  which means † straightforward discourse. † Prose is generally defined as direct, common language presented in a straightforward manner. A victim of  identity by negation,  prose is frequently defined as â€Å"that which is not poetry. Prose demonstrates purposeful grammatic design in that it is constructed strategically by the author to create specific meaning. Prose also contains  plot  and the attendant narrative structures of plot. In most cultures, prose narrative tends to appear after a culture has developed  verse. Prosegenres  are many and varied, ranging from science fiction to romance. The major generic divisions of prose are: * novel  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A lengthy fictional prose narrative. * novella  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A fictional prose narrative ranging from 50 to 100 pages, most common in science fiction and detective fiction. * short story  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a brief fictional prose narrative. anecdote  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A very brief account of some interesting, usually humorous, event. Poetry Poetry, from the Greek  poetes  which means â€Å"doer† or â€Å"creator,† is a catch-all term that is applied to any form of rhythmical or metrical composition. While poetry is considered to be a subset of  verse  (and also considered to be superior to verse) both are rhythmical/metrical. What distinguishes poetry from verse is its â€Å"imaginative quality, intricate structure, serious or lofty subject matter, or noble purpose. † Most culture's first serious literary works are poetry (In Western tradition, we need look only as far as Homer and Hesiod).The purposes of poetry are said to include: 1. A  didactic  purpose , meaning that it aims to instruct the reader. 2. Unique insight that is not available in other genres. 3. To provide pleasure to the reader. 4. To uplift the reader to some higher insight or meaning. Drama Drama, is simply a work that is written to be performed on stage by actors. From the Greekdran, meaning â€Å"to do,† drama is thought to have developed from ancient religious ceremonies. For instance, Greek  comedy  is traced to ancient fertility rites. Tragedy  (which comes from the Greek word Philippine Literature Literature  (from  Latin  litterae  (plural);  letter) is the  art  of  written work  and can, in some circumstances, refer exclusively to published sources. The wordliterature  literally means â€Å"things made from letters† and the  pars pro toto  term  Ã¢â‚¬Å"letters†Ã‚  is sometimes used to signify â€Å"literature,† as in the  figures of speech†arts  and letters† and â€Å"man of letters. † Literature is commonly classified as having two major forms—fiction and non-fiction—and two major techniques—poetry and prose.Literature may consist of texts based on factual information (journalistic or non-fiction), as well as on original imagination, such as  polemical  works as well asautobiography, and reflective essays as well as  belles-lettres. Literature can be classified according to historical periods, genres, and political influences. The concept of  genre, which earlier was limited, has broadened over the centuries. A genre consists of artistic works which fall within a certain central theme, and examples of genre include  romance,  mystery,  crime,  fantasy,  erotica, and  adventure, among others.Important historical periods in  English literature  includeOld English,  Middle English, the  Renaissance, the 17th Century  Shakespearean  and  Elizabethan  times, the 18th Century  Restoration, 19th Century  Victorian, and 20th Century  Modernism. Important political movements that have influenced literature include  feminism,  post-colonialism,  psychoanalysis,  post-structuralism,  post-modernism,  romanticism, and  Marxism. Literature's three main divisions When most people speak of literature they may be talking about short stories, novels, poems, verse, odes, plays, tragedies, even limericks.This wide variety of terms describing types of literature, at first, appears overwhelming. However figuring all of this out is simplified when you take into account that the menagerie of types begins with three major paradigms: prose, poetry, and drama. Prose Prose  is derived from a Latin root word,  prosa, that means â€Å"straightforward† (other scholars argue that the root for â€Å"prose† is  proversa oratio,  which means † straightforward discourse. † Prose is generally defined as direct, common language presented in a straightforward manner. A victim of  identity by negation,  prose is frequently defined as â€Å"that which is not poetry. Prose demonstrates purposeful grammatic design in that it is constructed strategically by the author to create specific meaning. Prose also contains  plot  and the attendant narrative structures of plot. In most cultures, prose narrative tends to appear after a culture has developed  verse. Prosegenres  are many and varied, ranging from science fiction to romance. The major generic divisions of prose are: * novel  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A lengthy fictional prose narrative. * novella  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A fictional prose narrative ranging from 50 to 100 pages, most common in science fiction and detective fiction. * short story  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a brief fictional prose narrative. anecdote  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A very brief account of some interesting, usually humorous, event. Poetry Poetry, from the Greek  poetes  which means â€Å"doer† or â€Å"creator,† is a catch-all term that is applied to any form of rhythmical or metrical composition. While poetry is considered to be a subset of  verse  (and also considered to be superior to verse) both are rhythmical/metrical. What distinguishes poetry from verse is its â€Å"imaginative quality, intricate structure, serious or lofty subject matter, or noble purpose. † Most culture's first serious literary works are poetry (In Western tradition, we need look only as far as Homer and Hesiod).The purposes of poetry are said to include: 1. A  didactic  purpose , meaning that it aims to instruct the reader. 2. Unique insight that is not available in other genres. 3. To provide pleasure to the reader. 4. To uplift the reader to some higher insight or meaning. Drama Drama, is simply a work that is written to be performed on stage by actors. From the Greekdran, meaning â€Å"to do,† drama is thought to have developed from ancient religious ceremonies. For instance, Greek  comedy  is traced to ancient fertility rites. Tragedy  (which comes from the Greek word