The Latest Developments of Air Transport

The commercial airline industry has grown from a few aircraft to that of a multi-billion pound industry. The Boeing 707 began a revolution in air travel when it entered service in1958.It was the first commercially successful jet aircraft. Since then aircraft manufacturers have strived to provide larger and more economical planes to aircraft companies. The basic appearance of commercial airliners has not changed much for over 50 years. Nevertheless, there has been a considerable increase in innovations and new technology within the aerospace industry. Advancements in engine efficiency, aerodynamics and new materials have all led to a significantly lower operating cost per seat mile of commercial aircraft. There have been a number of significant innovations, especially on the Boeing 787, the latest wide body jet to enter service. Composite materials are now been used in the commercial aircraft industry. The Boeing 787 is primarily constructed from composite materials. They are used in most primary structures, particularly the fuselage (see fig1). By using a unique one piece composite barrel construction, (See fig 2) the 787 eliminates the need for any fuselage lap joints, doubler longitudinal skin splices. This has a dramatic reduction in weight and drag. In addition, it also significantly reduces the amount of maintenance and inspections required. Panel construction in aircraft such as the Boeing 707 requires additional joints, fasteners and splice plates, resulting in increased weight and inspections. An example of a composite, which is used on the Boeing 787 is carbon laminate. It comprises of layers of carbon fibre that are impregnated with a polymer. Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopaedia.. 2011. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/composite+material. [Accessed 20th Novemberr 2011]. The use of composite materials ensures many advantages. They are lighter, stronger, do not corrode or fatigue, resist impacts better and are easier to examine during an inspection, compared with aluminium. Minor damage can be repaired at in less than an hour. Fig1 Corpu, (2007), plane [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?q=composites+on+aircraf [Accessed 01 December 11]. Fig 2 New Airplane, (2007), 21st Century Fuselage Construction [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.newairplane.com/787/design_highlights/#/VisionaryDesign/Composites/OnePieceBarrelConstruction [Accessed 01 December 11]. The most critical expense areas for aircraft fleets are fuel, maintenance and its residual costs. New aircraft have been designed and manufactured to lower these costs. Maintenance tasks have been reduced by 30 per cent, and inspections are required less frequently. A good example of this is the 787 which does not require its first heavy maintenance check until after 12 years of service. Another advantage of using composite materials, especially in the wing structure is that it gives aircraft such as the 787 a higher aspect ratio than previous aircraft, resulting in a higher Coefficient of Lift. A lighter aircraft will reduce fuel costs and therefore have a positive effect on the range equation. Advancements in aerodynamics have led to an increase in the overall efficiency of aircraft, becoming more fuel efficient by reducing drag. Components such as winglets and wingtip fences decrease vortices created at the wing tips which cause aerodynamic drag. Winglets | Airbus, a leading aircraft manufacturer. 2011. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.airbus.com/innovation/proven-concepts/in-design/winglets/. [Accessed 24th November 2011]. Raked wing tips create a greater degree of sweep on an aircraft wing. This enhances the wings efficiency, by increasing the aspect ratio of the wing, therefore decreasing the amount of lift induced drag produced by the aircraft. This kind of drag can be reduced by up to 6%.with the implication of raked wing tips. Blended winglets can be attached to the wing giving a level curve in place of a sharp angle reducing interference drag at the wing. Wikipedia. 2011. Wikipedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.wikipedia.com. [Accessed 24th November 2011]. Riblet technology is a surface modification which consists of minute streamwise ridges and valleys, it has been proven to reduce local turbulent skin friction by up to 6 % . Houghton, E.L, 2003. Aerodynamics for Engineering Students. 5th ed. Oxford: Heinemann (book publisher). On the Boeing 767 double drooped slotted fowler flaps are used, whereas on the later 787 a simple hinged flap with drooping spoilers are used creating smoother wing technology. This results in a decrease in fuel consumption, weight, smaller fairings and fewer parts therefore reducing maintenance. Www.cdti.es/recourses/doc/eventosCDTI/Aerodays(2011) [pdf ]. [Accessed 24th November 2011]. Recently Airbus has completed the first flight of its A320 test aircraft equipped with ‘sharklet' wing-tip. The sharklets can cut fuel burn by up to 3.5% over the current configuration with wing-tip fences and increase the maximum take-off weight by up to 3 tonnes. The engine with the higher value of specific impulse (Isp) is more efficient because it produces more thrust for the same amount of fuel. A higher or more favourable L/D ratio is typically one of the major goals in aircraft design. Using these higher values will obviously increase the range of an aircraft. The latest propulsion systems have advanced, improving the economics of aircraft. Early jet airliners had turbojet engines. These engines operated well at high altitudes and speeds, but had had a high fuel burn rate. When the turbo fan engine was introduced it could move a greater amount of air at lower speeds, than the turbo jet engine, as it had a large fan attached on the front. By enclosing the fan inside a cowling, the aerodynamics was better controlled. This reduced fuel consumption, compared to a turbojet. The next-generation engine technology is provided by Boeing's engine partners, General Electric and Rolls-Royce. The latest engines being the Rolls Royce Trent 1000 and the General Electric GEnx. These engines incorporate a bypass ratio of about 10, compared to the first turbo fan engines having ratios of about 7. The higher bypass ratio allows the engine to be quieter, with significantly reduce fuel consumption. This lowers cost for the 787 operators and reduces emissions, lessening the environmental impact of the aircraft. Chevrons on the nacelles significantly reduce shock cell noise in the aft cabin. Both the Trent 1000 and the GEnx engines are interchangeable at the wing of the 787. This reduces operating costs and gives the 787 liquidity and strong residual value. Both the Rolls Royce Trent 1000 and the GEnx eliminate the engine bleed air system and associated pneumatic system. This improves the reliability and efficiency of the aircraft by further reducing fuel consumption and maintenance costs. The electric system improves efficiency by removing only the power actually needed during each phase of flight. The aircraft have a health management system which monitors the electrical systems, improving the aircrafts productivity. General Electric recently delivered a new innovation in technology producing advanced composite material fan blades .The process results in a 100% defect-free, carbon-reinforced epoxy blade , which means no voids in the fibres. In order to accomplish this, advanced sensor and data acquisition systems were used. This technology will continue to be used on wide-body aircraft of the future, Resulting in lower cost, and greater efficiency. Duncan, Tom, 2010. Engines of Today. Commercial Airliners, 2, 8. An innovation to watch out for in the near future is the use of Titanium aluminide turbine blades. Titanium aluminide’s low density means that a turbine blade will be about half the weight of a blade made from a traditional nickel alloy blades. Reducing the density and the weight of an aircraft engine has huge benefits. Materials of the Future – Online Stuff – Science Museum London . 2011.. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onlinestuff/stories/materials_of_the_future.aspx. [Accessed 16 December 2011] Using the range equation you can calculate the range of an aircraft, if you have the value of the following components. R = distance flown (m) u = velocity (m/s) Isp = specific impulse (s) L/D = lift-to-drag ratio (dimensionless) Winitial = gross aircraft weight at the start of cruise (kg) Wfinal = gross weight at the end of cruise (kg) Houghton, E.L.H, 2003. Aerodynamics for engineering students.. 5th ed. Great Britain: Heinemann (book publisher) The engine with the higher value of specific impulse (Isp) is more efficient because it produces more thrust for the same amount of fuel. A higher or more favourable L/D ratio is typically one of the major goals in aircraft design. Using these higher values will obviously increase the range of an aircraft. The appearance of aircraft has not changed much over 50 years because when it was first designed the cone shaped fuselage with wings attached had good design and technology features. The process of designing and producing a new aircraft is very expensive and risky. There is enormous economic risk along with a large investment and liability risk. The (you bet your company curve) plot below shows the cumulative gain or loss in an aircraft project during its life. It was recently estimated that a new large airplane project at Boeing would take 20 billion dollars to develop. Origins of Commercial Aircraft. 2011. Origins of Commercial Aircraft. [ONLINE] Available at: http://adg.stanford.edu/aa241/intro/origins.html. [Accessed13 December 2011] Aircraft manufacturing companies are not likely to take risks on projects that rely on unproven technology. This is the reason that innovative concepts are not likely to be tried out on the next generation of commercial airliners and why aircraft such as the 787 look so much like the Boeing 707. Customers of commercial aircraft manufacturers can sell their planes which are basically the same appearance as 50 years ago. There is not enough financial gain to design an aircraft with a different appearance. In addition, passengers may prefer to board an aircraft that consist of a tube with wings rather than an aircraft in the shape of a large triangle. The new 787 Dreamliner is a prime example of how innovations in new airframe and propulsion technology can lead to a more efficient aircraft. From innovative composite materials to aerodynamics to propulsion technology the 787 has become 70% more fuel efficient than the 1950s-era four-engine Pratt & Whitney JT3D-powered Boeing 707s. This has considerably increased revenue potential through significantly better performance, improved fuel efficiency and lowered maintenance decreasing operating cost per seat mile of commercial aircraft.

“Fahrenheit 451” Study questions and answers Essay

Part 1: The Hearth and the Salamander 1. a) When does this story take place? The story takes place in the future, approximately 500 years from the time this book was written, so we estimate around the year 2450. The story is also set in the autumn. b) What clue does the author offer to support this theory on page 4? The author uses technology that doesn’t exist yet to support his theory. The example on page 4 would be:  « the silent air-propelled train slid soundlessly down its lubricated flue in the earth and let him out with a great puff of warm air onto the cream-tiled escalator rising to the suburb.  » On page 5 we know it is autumn when the author writes: â€Å" The autumn leaves blew over†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . 2. a) What does Guy Montag do for a living? (p. 3-4) Guy Montag is a fireman. In this book, firemen start fires in houses to be able to burn the books inside of these. b) How does he feel about his job at the beginning of the novel? Find one sentence that supports your answer. (p. 3) The main character is very happy with his job in the beginning of the novel as we can see in the first two lines: â€Å"It was a pleasure to burn. It was a special pleasure to see things eaten, to see things blackened and changed.† 3. a) Find a metaphor on page 3. The metaphor found on page 3 is: â€Å"†¦with this great python spitting its venomous kerosene upon the world†¦Ã¢â‚¬  b) Find a metaphor on page 5. The metaphor on page 5 is: â€Å"Her face was slender and milk-white, and in it was a kind of gentle hunger that touched over everything with tireless curiosity.† 4. a) Explain the symbolism of the girl’s â€Å"milk-white† face and white dress. (p. 5) The girl’s face and dress are milk-white and this  symbolises purity. She is only 17 years old and very pure. White also symbolises the girl’s frailty and femininity. It also serves as a contrast to the very dark nature of the novel. b) At what other point in the story does the author use this same technique? (p. 36-38) When the author is speaking of the book as an innocent thing: â€Å" A book lit, almost obediently, like a white pigeon, in his hands, wings fluttering. In the dim, wavering light, a page hung open and it was like a snowy feather, the words delicately painted thereon.† Once again, the author has used the whiteness to show the oppression in this world so sombre. 5. a) Why do they have 200 foot-long billboards on the side on the highway? (p.9) The author explains this well when Clarisse asks Montag: â€Å"Have you seen the two hundred-foot-long billboards in the country beyond town? Did you know that once billboards were only twenty feet long? But cars started rushing by so quickly they had to stretch the advertising out so it would last.† b) What is Clarisse referring to when she talks about green, pink, white, and brown blurs (p. 9) When Clarisse speaks of green blurs, she is referring to grass, pink blurs to rose gardens, white blurs to houses and brown blurs to cows. This is telling us that the drivers are driving very fast and therefore do not take the time to examine what’s around them. 6. What clue does the author give in order to describe human interaction in Guy’s world? (p. 10) The author describes human interaction in Guy’s world as very superficial when he describes his apparently casual meeting with Clarisse as unusual. We know this when the author writes: â€Å"What a strange meeting on a strange night. He remembered nothing like it save one afternoon a year ago when he had met an old man in the park and they had talked†¦Ã¢â‚¬  7. The author describes Montag’s bedroom as cold, dark, and quiet. Find two words that support this statement. (p. 11) The author describes his room as cold, dark, and quiet when he says words like: â€Å"mausoleum, tomb and darkness† The first two are resting places for the dead and the last one speaks for itself. 8. a) In your own words, summarize how Mildred was saved from certain death after overdosing on pills. (p. 14-15) Mildred was saved from certain death after overdosing on pills by a couple of machinists. The first machine pumps out the poison with a tube that went into her stomach. It had a camera at the end of it that the operator looked through. The other machine served as a blood transfusion mechanism. It replaced the contaminated blood with new one. b) What is significant about the manner in which the â€Å"Operators† saved Mildred’s life? (p. 14-15) The fact that it was a the operators saved Mildred in a very mechanical way, instead of doctors, shows us how evolved the technology has become. It is also significant in the sense that it is done in a casual manner and that it is very normal to do so in this world. c) Why do you think Mildred decided to take all of these pills? I think Mildred decided to take all of these pills because she was not satisfied with her life. She knew there was better ways to live and decided that she could never achieve this way of living because of her social status. We know there are a lot of these cases when the operator says: â€Å"We get these cases nine or ten a night. Got so many, starting a few years ago, we had the special machines built.† 9. What is the significance of Guy’s meeting with Clarisse? What effect does it have on him? Guy’s meeting with Clarisse is very significant because it opens him to the thought process. He never stopped to analyse anything before. He just did what he was supposed to do, like burn books. It has the effect that he is beginning to think things out. Example: â€Å"Of course I’m happy. What does she think? I’m not? he asked the quiet rooms.† (p. 10) and â€Å" There are too many of us, he thought†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 16). 10. On page 18, what clue does the author give to show that this story is taking place in the future? The author shows the us that this story is taking place in the future with the help of technology again when he says: â€Å"Toast popped out of the silver  toaster, was seized by a spidery metal hand that drenched it with melted butter.† and â€Å"She had both ears plugged with electronic bees†. 11. Find an antithesis on page 24. The antithesis found on page 24 are: â€Å"†¦a hotness and a coldness, a softness and a hardness, a trembling and a not trembling†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"slept but did not sleep, lived but did not live†. 12. a) How does Captain Beatty describe the Mechanical Hound? Find on sentence that supports your answer. Captain Beatty describes the Mechanical Hound as emotionless and it acts upon our reactions / way of thinking, on page 26, when he says: â€Å"It doesn’t like or dislike. It just ‘functions.’ It’s like a lesson in ballistics. It has a trajectory we decide on for it. It follows through. It targets itself, homes itself, and cuts off. It’s only copper wire, storage batteries, and electricity.† b) What is symbolic about the Hound? The Hound is a symbol of cruelty and bitterness. We know this when Montag describes the programming as: â€Å"all we put into it is hunting and finding and killing. What a shame if that’s all it can ever know.† (p. 27) Beatty further proves the symbolism of the type of justice in this world when he replies to Montag by saying: â€Å"It’s a fine bit of craftsmanship, a good rifle that can fetch its own target and guarantees the bull’s-eye every time†. It is also symbolic of the society because it just does and doesn’t think before doing. 13. a) How does Clarisse describe the education system in her society? (p. 29) Clarisse describes the education system in her society as her society in general, that is that you are told what to think. She describes a typical day at school: â€Å"An hour of TV class, an hour of basketball or baseball or running, another hour of transcription history or painting pictures, and more sports, but do you know, we never ask questions, or at least most don’t; they just run the answers at you, bing, bing, bing, and us sitting there for four more hours of film teacher.† b) Contrast Clarisse and the other Students her own age (p. 29-31). Clarisse  is considered antisocial and doesn’t mix with the others. While the others do as they are told, they are considered social. She gives this diverging opinion on socialism when she tells Montag: â€Å"Being with people is nice. But I don’t think it’s social to get a bunch of people together and then not let them talk, do you?†. c) What is ironic about the other students’ perception of Clarisse? It is very ironic that other children don’t like Clarisse because she is afraid of them. I say this is ironic because it would be normal to be afraid of people who kill each other. â€Å"I’m afraid of children my own age. They kill each other†¦I’m afraid of them and they don’t like me because I’m afraid.† 14. a) How does the author exemplify society’s indifference or lack of caring and understanding on page 32? The author exemplifies society’s indifference when the firemen are playing cards nonchalantly while a war is going on outside. â€Å" November fourth†¦sighing on their cards†¦The voice clock mourned out the cold hour of a cold morning of a still colder year†¦war may be declared any hour†¦Ã¢â‚¬  b) Find another example of this on page 44. Another example of society’s lack of caring would be when the author writes: â€Å" And he remembered thinking then that if she died, he was certain he wouldn’t cry. For it would be the dying of an unknown, a street face , a newspaper image†¦Ã¢â‚¬  15. What do we learn about Guy and Mildred’s relationship on pages 43 and 44? We learn that the Montags don’t really know each other when they can’t remember when they met: â€Å"â€Å"Why it was at-† She stopped. â€Å"I don’t know,† she said. He was cold. â€Å"Can’t you remember?† â€Å"It’s been so long.† â€Å"Only ten years, that’s all, only ten!† The author also mentions the wall between the two: â€Å"†¦wasn’t there a wall between him and Mildred†¦Ã¢â‚¬  16. a) What do we learn about Clarisse on page 47 We learn that Clarisse is dead on page 47 when Mildred tells Montag: â€Å"I think she’s gone†¦I think she’s dead†¦no the same girl. McClellan.† b) Analyze Mildred’s speech. How does the way she talks reflect her personality?  Mildred’s speech shows us that she is impersonal when she forgets about the neighbour being killed by a car four days ago. She also isn’t sure of the situation and doesn’t seem to care to much when she says: â€Å"No, not sure. Pretty sure†¦Forgot†¦I forgot all about it†. 17. a) What is the cause of Montag’s â€Å"illness†? Montag’s illness is caused by the fact that a woman has died in a fire that they caused the night before. â€Å"We burnt a thousand books. We burnt a woman†¦.she was rational as you and I, more so perhaps, and we burnt her.† (p. 50-51). b) Do you believe he is actually sick? Explain. I don’t believe he is actually sick because he is questioning his career and has a book he wants to read. â€Å"Montag fell back in bed. He reached under his pillow. The hidden book was still there. Mildred, how would it be if, well, maybe, I quit my job awhile?† (p. 50-51). 18. On page 51, what reason does Montag give for becoming a fireman? Montag tells us that he didn’t have a choice of career. He had to follow his family line of work when he says: â€Å"â€Å"Thought!† he said. â€Å"Was I given a choice? My grandfather and father were firemen. In my sleep, I ran after them.† on page 51. 19. How does captain Beatty justify the burning of books? What reasons does he give to support his theory? (p. 58-63) Captain Beatty justifies the burning of books as a means to eliminate prejudice against intellectualism and thus improve happiness. We see this when he says: â€Å"the word ‘intellectual’, of course, became the swear word it deserved to be.† (p. 58) and â€Å"You must understand that our civilization is so vast that we can’t have our minorities upset and stirred†¦People want to be happy, isn’t that right?† (p. 59). He also says that this happiness is the backbone to his theory when he speaks of death on page 60: â€Å"Five minutes after a person is dead he’s on his way to the Big Flue, the Incinerators serviced by helicopters all over the country. Ten minutes after death a man’s a speck of black dust. Let’s not quibble over individuals with  memoriums. Forget them. Burn all, burn everything. Fire is bright and fire is clean.† 20. As Montag looked through a window, he remembered that Clarisse had once mentioned that most houses had no front porches, no gardens, and no rocking chairs. Why do you think this is so? Most houses don’t have any front porches, gardens or rocking chairs because this led to discussion and analyzation of the day passing by. It is considered as dead time, time to think. â€Å"†¦the real reason, hidden underneath, might be they didn’t want people sitting like that, doing nothing, rocking, talking; that was the wrong kind of social life. People talked too much. And they had time to think. So they ran off with the porches. And the gardens, too.† (p. 63).

A Rose for Emily: Homer Is The Victim Essay

In William Faulkner’s well-known short story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, the townspeople of a rural Mississippi town share their thoughts and views of the late 19th century upper class through tales of the lonely Miss Emily Grierson. Miss Emily is a fallen symbol of wealth and prestige who has become a recluse within her own home after the death of her father. Due to her peculiar ways, the citizens living in her hometown develop a curiosity regarding her life. Through the citizens, Faulkner shows Miss Emily cannot adhere to society’s expectations. A house reveals a person’s life without exactly knowing their past or background. To an extent, the appearance of a person’s house forms how neighbors view each other, especially someone as reluctant to visitors as Miss Emily. Because the townspeople do not know much about their inquisitive neighbor, they judge her based on her disheveled home. Describing it as â€Å"an eyesore among eyesores,† their disapproval of the Grierson estate â€Å"that had once been white, decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies, set on what had once been our most select street† was a concern among the townspeople (Faulkner). Her neighbors viewed the house as a run down building that caused embarrassment to the town. Miss Emily’s lack of landscaping for her property made her an outcast among the townspeople. Other complaints were filed due to Miss Emily’s house reeking of a pungent smell. The town was so annoyed with the vile scent they decided to douse the outskirts of her home with lime. This showed the occupants of the town were disapproving of her lifestyle, like an American would be annoyed with the hygienic habits of a French citizen, whose culture differs from the United States. In society, there is a certain standard people must meet to be respected by others. One significant standard is staying up to date with their tax payments. According to Miss Emily, she did not have to adhere to tax notices like the rest of the town because her father loaned money to the town decades ago, which still equates to her remittal of taxes. However this changed, â€Å"When the next generation, with i ts more modern ideas, became mayors and alderman, this arrangement created some little dissatisfaction† (Faulkner). They began to mail her tax notices with many going unattended too. Eventually, they surrender to Miss Emily’s stubbornness. If it had been any other citizen in town, there would be repercussions to one omitting their taxes and not being a servile citizen. However, Miss Emily is able to get away with this because she is difficult to deal with and will not conform to the towns wishes. The town believes she has an unstable mind and makes exceptions due to her diverse behaviors. Because of Miss Emily’s resistance to her civil duty, the townspeople were disappointed in Miss Emily and wondered why she was so obstinate. They disapprove of her actions, but reluctantly give in to her wishes because there is no way to reason with Miss Emily. Another way Miss Emily did not act as the others was her denial of her father’s death. It took Miss Emily three days to adjust to her father’s passing and truly acknowledge her father was deceased. Although it is customary for people to grieve, the exceeded amount of time Miss Emily clung to her dead father bemused the townspeople. When they visited to offer their condolences, Miss Emily did not act like an average person. They were uncomfortable because Miss Emily held onto her father’s cadaver and did not bury it like typical people do. Because of Miss. Emily’s extended amount of time with her father’s deceased body, she was not accepted among the townspeople. It created an enigma in their mind and they did not give plaudits of her actions. Due to this, Miss Emily bewildered the townspeople which created friction between them. Since the townspeople could not pinpoint Miss Emily’s personality, they believed she was an unusual person who could not represent the rest of society well, due to the fact she was dissimilar to their clichà © ways. Because Miss Emily was â€Å"a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town,† the townspeople had an obvious expectation of Miss Emily (Faulkner). This did not seem to have an effect on Miss Emily because she showed no desire to conform. Miss Emily knew she was not popular among the townspeople; however, it did not concern her. Unfortunately, Miss Emily did not meet them through her unkempt house, disregard for taxes and peculiar way of grieving. Miss Emily was perceived as an odd character; she was not accepted among the townspeople for her individual way of handling situations and viewing life, mainly due to the fact they differ from society’s.

Womens role in the development of American consumer culture Essay

Womens role in the development of American consumer culture - Essay Example The business activities of the American women in the colonial period were oriented around the well-being of their home and family, so things like fashion were of tertiary importance to them. Unlike them, the modern American women get in fashion as soon as they reach adolescence. Modern American women smoke and drink in public, and embrace consumer culture. One way in which the role of women has significantly changed in the consumer culture in America since the colonial period is that women today have become the means of propagation of consumer culture both through consumption and through advertising. The ad of a new car is incomplete without a lady oozing sex appeal standing next to it in the poster. Women have become more of sexualized objects in the media unlike women of the colonial period. The sexual objectification is voluntarily portrayed in ads to draw increased attention of the consumers. Besides, gender equality and women empowerment have made women equally strong consumers today as

Political and economic conditions in Russia Essay

Political and economic conditions in Russia - Essay Example The paper is going to discuss the political and economic conditions in the Russian federation and factors that managers would consider when seeking to invest in Russia. I am also going to assess the political and economic risks in Russia at the present moment and how a companyThe present political conditions in Russia are critical to ensure successful running of businesses because of the tensions and attacks that happened on 29th of December 2013, where two suicide bombings occurred inThese bombings resulted to injuries and deaths of many people in the area and no group has claimed responsibility for the bombings. It was also speculated by the media that the attacks were meant to disrupt Russia’s planned Sochi Olympic Games this month. Volgograd being a transportation hub between Moscow and Southern Russia makes it insecure for businesses to carry out their operations since it is not known when the terrorists may strike again. It is impossible for Russia’s government to support other business ventures when they should be focusing on ensuring security around the places where the Sochi Olympic Games will be taking place to avoid more attacks. The political leaders have many responsibilities to ensure that their people are living in safe environments and their needs are met.The economy of Russia is growing because of its large production of oil and gas. Deresky and Christopher (2011) stated that Putin the president of Russia struggled to ensure that the country’s economy remained of high level.

Violations of Securities Laws Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Domestic Violence Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Domestic Violence - Annotated Bibliography Example The other myth is that males cannot be victims of domestic violence. It is not true, though. These myths (and others) have to be demolished for creating full picture of the problem in its modern condition. There is a number of researches attempting to discover the causes of domestic violence. For instance, specialists of a Domestic Violence Intervention Project consider the cases and repeating cycles of domestic violence to be a result of a desire to establish control over the victim. The main factor of a man’s aggressive behavior is the denial of responsibility for the committed actions. Another theory, known as the theory of resistance, was offered by Allan Jenkinson, an American psychologist. He believes that social factors and personal features of a person may turn into obstacles which would not let a person treat women and children with respect. Among them there are traditions, cultural peculiarities, personal habits, values, and so on. According to this theory, reasons of aggressive behavior lie in a person’s concept of the self and the world around. There are potent methods of counterwork against domestic violence, such as effective laws and police procedures, educational and therapy programs for abusers, shelters for victims, public information campaigns for prevention of domestic violence, etc. Eventually the supreme goal of any research dealing with domestic violence is some proposition or learning of methods against domestic

Foundamentional Concepts in Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Foundamentional Concepts in Application - Essay Example This article has helped me to recognize some of the key barriers to the provision of palliative care services. This study highlights the importance of palliative care nurses in facilitating communication between family members and patients, especially when family members disagree with end-of-life advance care planning. One of the findings of this study which was conducted on a small sample of patients in New Zealand was that, many of the participants were cared for by their spouses who were equally sick. Accessibility to services particularly in the rural setting also was also a challenge. One of the major issues identified in the study was the delay in making the decision to refer patients to palliative care by primary care physicians who felt that, â€Å"they were providing â€Å"good enough† palliative care themselves with the assistance of the district nurses and would refer families to hospice or hospital services when they felt it was appropriate† (McKechnie & Jay e, 2011, p. 413). It was interesting to note that throughout this research, the patients and their families were still identifying issues that need to be addressed despite the belief by their health professionals that they were doing their best. Threaded Discussion: Response to a classmate As required for this assignment, I have selected the article summary written by my classmate _______________(Name of my classmate) who has expressed her interest in the field of nursing informatics. Authors McGonigle and Mastrian remind us that, â€Å"the work of nurses revolves around data, knowledge, information and wisdom and that improvement in technology should ensure that the right care is given at the right time to the right patients at the lowest possible cost† (2009). In light of this profound thought, I appreciate the work of ______ (Name of my classmate) who has summarized an article on nursing informatics titled, ‘Examining the Unintended Consequences of Computerized Provi der Order Entry System Implementation’. After reviewing the summary, I feel that she has done a good job in summarizing the content of the article, highlighting the pros and cons of having a computerized provider order entry system. However, the write-up could have included information about facts that came as a surprise to her/him or reaffirms what she/he already knew or has experienced at the workplace. In light of the fact that President Obama has called for a massive effort to revamp the current health care system by incorporating standardized electronic health records in just about five years and slated more than $19 billion for health information technology, I would recommend my classmate to focus on the area of digital record keeping. The standardized electronic health records should be integrated and interoperable so as to ensure accuracy and quick access. Such a technology would benefit both the health care providers and the patients. Scholarly Databases at my Workpl ace At my workplace, I have access to the Mosby’s Nursing Consult and Lippincott’s Nursing Center. I utilize these scholarly databases frequently since it helps me to be in touch with the latest practices and findings in the field of nursing. Although one has to spend some time searching through these databases if they are looking for something specific, I believe that it is not very difficult to do so. Unlike other web search

Rhetorical Analysis of Commercial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rhetorical Analysis of Commercial - Essay Example The quality of the advertisements encourages brand consumption since the main characters in the ad enjoy coke at all times. Background music featured in the ad in different seven languages shows the diversity of the American people. This shows that people of America speak different languages but consume the same Coca Cola products in a show of unity in consumption of products. Therefore, the general message of the ad reflects the essential social values that Coca Cola consider when releasing products to the American people. The commercial ad also features people in various landscapes such as the shores of the Pacific and the Southwest desert, cafes and cityscapes as they enjoy taking coke. It provides pictures of the real livelihoods of the people from different ethnicity, religion, families and races in the US. That is why the aim of this commercial is to show that Coke brand is for all the people of America. In addition, it promotes optimism amongst Americans that Coke brand is a binding factor between races and religion since both consume the same quality, quantity and brand across

Diversity in Early Childhood Programs Essay Example for Free

Diversity in Early Childhood Programs Essay This essay is going to look at the various ways in which you can identify and promote learning opportunities for children of all ages. It will describe how the early education frameworks assist in supporting the learning of early year’s children. This essay will also explain how to plan activities in order to meet all the children’s needs. Finally it will describe how to monitor and assess the children’s learning through a variety of assessment techniques. Within early learning provisions it is important for them to support the children’s learning by following the guidelines set out for them by the early education framework in this country. There are two parts to the curriculum framework in England; Early Years Foundation Stages (EYFS) and the National Curriculum. The EYFS sets the statutory standards that all early years providers must meet. This includes all maintained schools, non-maintained schools, independent schools and all providers on the Early Years Register. (EarlyYears) The EYFS is set out for the age group three to five and it aims are to provide consistency between early years settings, through the use of shared resources and information thus promoting the same key concepts, skills and knowledge. The EYFS also aims to provide settings with a secure foundation which will allow all the children to progress through school. Moreover the EYFS hopes to provide partnerships between different practitioners and parents or carers. They also hope to promote equality of opportunity for all children through the EYFS. The national curriculum contains the programmes of study and attainment targets for all subjects, at all key stages, except key stage 4. ‘The national curriculum provides pupils with an introduction to the essential knowledge that they need to be educated citizens.’ ‘The national curriculum is just one element in the education of every child†¦ The national curriculum provides an outline of core knowledge around which teachers can develop exciting and stimulating lessons to promote the development of pupils’ knowledge, understanding and skills as part of the wider school curriculum.’ (Curriculum) The national curriculum is set out for chil dren aged five and over, it leads all the way through until the age of sixteen. It is a set curriculum which ensures that standards are consistent and maintained across the country, the National Curriculum should be implemented in all schools  after children have reached their fifth birthday. Learning aims and objectives are put in place to ensure that activities planned meet the required needs in the chosen area of development. An aim is what you intend to introduce to the children, it should set the scene and limit the activity to a certain type of activity although it does still need to be flexible enough to incorporate change of direction if necessary. The objective is shows how this is going to be achieved. The objective should break the activity down into smaller units so it is measureable. For example by the end of the day the children will be able to understand that heat causes ice to melt. An example of this was during placement at 5-8 age group I completed my observations, my aim was to promote their fine motor development and objectives were to observe during structured play. Early years settings also provide learning opportunities for their children by using an integrated approach. This approach provides the children with a greater learning experience. ‘The adult should integrate their planning into a theme. The lesson or session can be mapped and planned around the theme along with the curriculum. For example if the theme is transport then the children can count the wheels on different vehicles in maths, read a story about transport in literacy and in art the children can draw different vehicles.’ (IntegratedApproach) Within the school I’m on placement on at the minute, 5-8, we have a house and homes theme, we have incorporated this into most of the activities and currently they are designing, writing about and constructing the houses. When on my previous placement with 0-3 years they had a Christmas theme whereby their activities were designed around this. They produced Christmas cards, completed displays, sung songs about Christmas and read books all based on this theme. At my placement working with 0-3 they had a theme for one week on growing, the children that were able to have to draw pictures of themselve s, they also had to bring pictures in from home of when they were little or of them over a period of time so we could look at how they’d grown. When designing and teaching these activities it is important for the teachers to take into account inclusion. There must not be any barriers stopping any child from learning, it is essential to remove these so all children can take part; this does not just include special needs or specific needs children but everyone. Activities may need to be adapted or differentiated in order for all the children to  take part. Moreover it is essential for the school to promote an anti-discriminative practice, this is a fundamental part of early years care and education and it must be taken seriously. Discrimination comes from many sources and not everyone will know what they are saying, this is why it is vital to tackle any remarks or actions immediately, in a sensitive manner, so everyone knows how important this issue is. At my placement which is age range 5-8 there are children with speech difficulties, the teachers must ensure that they treat all the children as individuals and treat them fairly. They always include them in class discussions and give them the chance to answer just as like any other children. In my experience of working with 0-3 they ensure anti-discriminatory practise is maintained by providing ramps for push chairs and they also welcomed children from different cultures. Within an early years setting it is important to plan effectively so all areas of learning are covered and a wide range of activities are presented. Planning can be long, medium or short term and it will need to consider the curriculum as well as the individual needs of the children. The length of long term planning varies from setting to setting, most settings will see a long term plan as anything over six weeks, commonly in schools long term plans are for a whole academic year. Long term plans tend to include ‘an outline of how the curriculum is to be delivered, a consideration of the themes that are used over the period.’ CCLD Long term plans mean that you plan activities and observations in advance, you follow the curriculum when planning these and you have to be able to change and adapt your activities to suit different situations. The length of a medium term plan or curriculum plan depends mainly up on the length of the long term plan. In the majority of schools the medium term plan shows coverage for a half term. The main features of a medium term plan include details of the types of activities of which are to offer, how the activities link to the EYFS or NC and the order the activities will be carried out. Medium term plans will include learning outcomes and will include themes and topics. Short term plans show what is to happen each week or session; these plans may be referred to as ‘session planners’ or ‘weekly planners’. This sort of plan includes details such as staffing and resources, it also shows the order the activities will be carried out. Moreover it will display details of how activities will be adapted to provide opportunities for particular children. It will also set out the learning outcomes and show which activities will be assessed. Finally the short term plan will demonstrate how the adult can support specific children through the activities and outside of these. At my placement 5-8 they have a whole week of working with money and understanding the different denominations; at the end of the week the children have the golden box whereby the children who received the most gems for their work through-out the week are rewarded with prizes. Early years settings must cater for all children and their individual needs. When planning activities for young children it is important to take into account their specific needs. All activities must accommodate children at whatever level or with whatever need they have. It is important for the teacher to differentiate activities in order for all the children to take part. Within my placement 5-8 my teacher ensures there are different sized pencils out on the tables for all the children to use, she also makes sure there are right and left handed scissors out on the tables for those children who need them. In my experience working with 3-5 I have also had to cater for a child who could not use sugar paper therefore whenever we were doing creative activities I had to make sure she was using normal writing paper or card. Whenever planning activities it is important to make all the children feel equal, a child with an individual need should not be left out or be made to stand out from the rest. When planning activities and classes it is also essential to take into account children with IEP’s (individual educational plan), this is so you know where they are at with their learning and you can help them to the full extent through-out activities. In addition it is important to take into account different ways of teaching, some children may find it easier to learn if they are hands on doing practical work whereas others may find it easier if they are writing all the information down, so ensure that you cater for all these children in your plans. In order for activities to be suitable for all children you will need  to differentiate them, make sure there’s levels within your activity. Within the classroom there should also be equipment for all children to use scissors which are left and righ t handed, paper which is suitable for all, big pencils and small ones. Changes should take place to make all the children feel ‘the same’ none of them should stand out for being different. Through-out early year’s settings observations must be used this is to ensure you find out what stage of development the children are at. Once you know and understand which level each child is at you can match your activities to their ability and organise the activities to meet their needs. Within my placement 5-8 my teacher plans activities to coordinate with her observations that she has made throughout the year. The activities are differentiated according to ability. For literacy the children had to match up homes of different animals to the animal that lives there, for the less abled children they had to cut out the pictures and stick them together for the more abled children they had to write the sentences out below the pictures. Once observations have been completed on the children the teacher can use her data to effectively plan her lessons to cover the curriculum and meet the children’s needs. Within early years settings it is important that children take part in a variety of play. As all types of play provide learning opportunities for children it is essential that the day is varied to incorporate as many play activities as possible. Children should take part in activities which promote all areas of development. Within my placement 3-5 we had a role play area whereby the children could use their minds to create imaginative play. The soft play castle also gave the children a chance to use their imagination and develop their own play ideas. The various play activities can be categorized as imaginative play; role play and home corners can come under this category. Art activities and DT activities can be categorized as creative play. Within my placement 5-8 we did mendi patterns outside in the playground using chalk, as well as this developing their creative play it also promoted their physical motor development. Physical activities such as PE and play time can promote their gross physical development. Walking through fields and exploring the various animals and plants that you can  find can develop physical motor skills as well as the children’s exploratory skills. In my experience 0-3 a child discovers and promotes their development through sensory play, when outside the children played with sand, water, foam and jelly. The children were sat playing in it with hard toys, they could discover how the different materials felt. It is important for children to also use ICT as this can support their learning. There are a wide variety of programmes that children can use to promote all areas of their learning. Within my placement we use a program which the children can control themselves, on this site there are activities for numeracy, literacy and art as well as most of the national curriculum. This site is accessible for key stage 1 and 2. Parent involvement tends to be encouraged within schools and early year’s settings as often parents and children can provide the skills and knowledge to introduce new ideas. For example a parent from another culture may be able to go in and show the children what their diet is like. Within my placement 5-8 a parent helper will come in every Tuesday afternoon to help with the activities that are on that day. The parent may help with reading and creative activities. There is also a parent who comes into placement and teaches athletics, she is a marathon runner herself so she often helps at sporting events and at athletics club. Within early years settings there are also occasions when professionals and agencies may get involved in providing learning opportunities for the children. Within my placement 5-8 a speech therapist will come in once a week to visit two children who have speech impairments, she will take them to one side for an hour to support them through their speech programme. Another professional who also comes into school is the sports teacher from the local leisure centre who teaches one PE lesson a week to each class. As part of the adult role within an early years setting you must ensure that all the correct resources are available for the children to use and that there are enough materials for any situation. The resources need to be sorted out in advance of an activity or situation either by the teacher or the school, depending on who provides them. The resources must be age appropriate, fit for purpose and all the children who are participating  should be able to learn from the experience. Early years settings also need to consider whether the use of ICT would assist with the children’s learning. Within my placement 3-5 the staff would organise their activities at least a week in advance and would pass on a list of anything they needed to the managers who would be able to buy the materials and resources. They could then discuss in advance how much of anything they needed and if for any reason something wasn’t available they had time to change their activity. It is important for the adults within the setting to monitor the children’s learning. During activities the children should be monitored to make sure they are learning from these experiences. If the activity has been planned with aims and objectives, you should be able to determine whether the outcomes have been met; this can be observed by discussion or observation. Participation levels should also be monitored to see how long children stay at the activities which have been set out and which ones are the most popular. Activities should grasp the children’s imagination and should stimulate their learning. The more captivating an activity is the longer a child will want to be at it. At all my placements over the three age ranges I have evaluated the activities that I have carried out. Within my evaluations I have written about how long the children stayed there and whether they enjoyed it, I can use the information I found here to plan my activities for the future. Formative assessments are ongoing assessments that monitor the children’s strengths and weaknesses. This information can then be used to form informal parts of activities. Assistance can be provided to give children the opportunity to gain confidence in developing new skills and plenty of opportunities are provided to enable the child to practise and master them. Summative assessments draw together all the information gathered about the children and it is often used to compile a written report. It is seen as a ‘summing up’ of a child’s progress to date. It is very difficult for practitioners to be completely objective when carrying out observations as they are used to working so close with the children; this known as observer  bias. The danger of observer bias is that the observer may bring in behaviours or skills of the child that confirm their current view. One way of determining that this does not happen is to set clear aims for observations. It is important for adults to try and incorporate observations on skills into planned play activities, many children will not ‘perform’ well if they know they are being watched. While at placement 5-7 the teacher will set out activities that enable her to observe the child carrying out the skills whilst in a ‘normal’ play environment. If she would like to see their social development she may set up games that requires teamwork, or if she feels some of the children need to work on their fine motor development she may set up an area which get the children to put pegs in boards or use scissors to cut out pictures. When observing babies and young children it is important to remember that there play and interests change within a few days. As they discover more things within their world they will move from one interest to another. Once a child has been observed or assessed this information can be used to inform the future planning of activities which will help promote development for the individual child. Planning will only be effective if the information that is gained from observation is used to structure activities, and fulfil the child’s developmental needs. For example if a child cannot use scissors do not provide them with an activity whereby they have to cut round a picture; this may lower their self-confidence and self-esteem. Most evaluation criteria’s involve checking whether children have reached the intended learning outcomes, however this can be difficult to measure unless an assessment takes place during or after the activity. A child may have appeared to understand something or enjoyed playing with materials but they may not have necessarily learnt anything new. By building in assessments to activities practitioners can see what the child has understood and learnt. It is important that assessments are not seen in any way as a test. Within my placement 3-5 a member of staff would often be in charge of observing activities and evaluating what they believe the children have gained from it. The staff member would also be able to ask questions and work alongside the children at the activity to see how much they have  learnt and understood. Reference Snaith, M. , Tassoni, P. , Squire, G. , (2007). , Children’s Care Learning and Development. , 2nd Ed. , Oxford. , Heinemann. IntegratedApproach. , Available at www.sagepub.com/upm-data/9679_010979.pdf. , Accessed on 29/04/14 Curriculum. , Available at http://www.schoolzone.co.uk/schools/NCres/docs/MASTER_final_national_curriculum_11_9_13_2.pdf . , Accessed on 29/04/14 EarlyYears. , Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/improving-the-quality-and-range-of-education-and-childcare-from-birth-to-5-years/supporting-pages/early-years-foundation-stage. , Accessed on 29/04/14

Effect of President Visits on the Economy

Effect of President Visits on the Economy Chinese President’s visit to Pakistan and its effects on Pakistan’s economy Pakistan and China have been associates subsequent to numerous years. Pakistan and China has dependably been remaining for one another through every thick and slim. All arrangements were made to accord warm welcome to the Chinese President Xi Jinping who landed on a two-day state visit to Pakistan. Chinese President Xi Jinpings visit to Pakistan a week ago was a greatly huge improvement for Pakistan-China relations as well as for the locale and past. It empowered the two nations to reaffirm the significance that they connected to their vital relationship and pronounce their aim to fortify it further. Both the nations closed various imperative Agreements/MoUs identifying with key improvement extends in the framework, vitality, and correspondence areas under the ambit of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor including in all Chinese venture and monetary bolster adding up to $46 billion. The Chinese president went by Pakistan when Kashmir issue was at the end of the day hot after Indian activity against protestors in Indian Held Kashmir and capturing Hurriyat pioneers. Counter-Terrorism, Pak-Afghan collaboration and compromise in Afghanistan, circumstance in Yemen were the issues that went under discourse for the enhancement of both the nations. The two nations additionally consented to raise the level of reciprocal exchange from the current level of $15 billion to $20 billion inside the following three years. The becoming vital and security connections in the middle of China and Pakistan, highlighted amid the visit, served the reason for provincial solidness. Significant force from different districts couldnt however observe these earth shattering improvements and their suggestions for local and worldwide security. This visit was the most imperative to highlight the Pakistan-China Year of Friendly Exchanges. This was the Chinese Presidents first outside visit this year. Imperative understandings identified with different ranges were likewise marked on this event. President Xi Jinping gave the nations most astounding common grant, the Nishan-e-Pakistan at an extraordinary instatement function, sorted out at the Presidency. Amid the visit, President Xi Jinping tended to the Joint Session of Parliament. The considerable accomplishment as a consequence of the visit incorporated the agreements relating to Pak-China monetary passageway took after by 69 understandings in different divisions between the two nations. The agreements were having universal ramifications as well as considered as key for financial improvement in Pakistan. Experts keep up that other national and universal issues cant be disregarded that are critical for the two nations. Every one of these understandings if effectively finished then they may change the economy of Pakistan all things considered. These and different activities marked amid President Xi Jinpings visit, if executed proficiently and with straightforwardness and genuineness, would support the methodology of monetary improvement in the nation. The administration must make dire strides so that these tasks dont turn into the casualty of bureaucratic postponements. It would be prudent to build a devoted office staffed by all around prepared and legit officers to guarantee their smooth execution. It is gladdening to hear that the administration has effectively settled a committed security division staffed by 10,000 work force from the armed force, police and common military for giving moron evidence security to Chinese engineers and different natives taking a shot at CPEC ventures. Against the background of the changing universal and territorial circumstances, they noticed that Pakistan-China re lationship had obtained more noteworthy noteworthiness and consented to raise it to the level of All Weather Strategic Cooperative Partnership. In this setting, they chose to improve vital coordination to defend their normal intrigues, grow further safeguard collaboration, and advance shared participation in space advancements and their application. These choices, which are liable to take Pakistan-China vital collaboration to a subjectively much larger amount, ought to be examined against the foundation of the expanding key and security participation between the US and India. It would be reviewed that the US had announced its proposition in March, 2005 to help India grow as a significant politically influential nation of the 21st century. It remains Americas trust that such a solid India would go about as a stabilizer to the development of the Chinese power and impact in South Asia and the Indian Ocean locales. The US backing to India in security fields likewise convey the dangers from Pakistan’s perspective of irritating the vital adjust in South Asia. The choice to improve Pakistan-China vital and security collaboration, thusly, would help in fortifying soundness in South Asia. It would likewise empower China to have simple access to the Arabian Sea, bypassing the US endeavors to contain the southward extension of its impact. These improvements significantly have both territorial and worldwide ramifications. It was consequently that the joint articulation noticed that kinship and collaboration in the middle of Pakistan and China serve the crucial hobbies of the two nations and people groups, and add to peace, solidness and advancement in the district and past. Other outstanding improvements amid the visit were the choice of the two nations to proceed with their two-sided collaboration in common atomic vitality and bolster a complete and agreement based arrangement of the issue of the UN Security Council change. They repeated their backing to the Afghan-claimed and Afghan-drove peace and compromise handle in Afghanistan. China likewise bolstered Pakistans endeavors to turn into a full individual from the Shanghai Cooperation Organization at an early date. President Xi Jinpings visit to Pakistan was a monster venture forward in reinvigorating Pakistan-China kinship and collaboration in vital, security and financial fields. It has additionally sent the right flags in light of a legitimate concern for fortifying local and worldwide peace and security. The CPEC venture and the different financial agreements marked amid the visit would reinforce monetary connections in the middle of China and Pakistan, and help the recent in beating its vitality emergency and quickening its monetary advancement. Then again, the lesson of history is that in a definitive examination monetary advancement is the aftereffect of a countrys own particular endeavors. Outside help can just assume a peripheral part in this procedure. It stays to be seen whether Pakistan as a country and its authority have the intelligence and the resolve to convey forward this essential errand effectively. References: http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/20-Apr-2015/chinese-president-arrives-on-historic-two-day-visit-today http://tribune.com.pk/story/876286/agreements-signed-between-pakistan-and-china/

Advantages and Disadvantages of ICT in the Social World

Advantages and Disadvantages of ICT in the Social World ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CURRENT INFOMATION TECHNOLOGY IN RELATION TO COMMUNICATION. Introduction. Information Technology has rapidly changed the way how people communicate in the last two decades. Just consider the concept of IT communications on the society it is apparent that it has been changed the way how it affects business and social and personal lives. People can communicate now either by telephonic connection to talk or send messages, or over internet link to nearly anywhere in the world. Also order a huge number of items from any place on planet to do the business. This report will explain advantages and disadvantages of ICT (Information Communication Technology) in the business world and social live in society. Advantages. The new electronic independence re-creates the world in the image of a global village. Mc Luhan, M. 1964, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man Published by McGraw-Hill. Marshall McLuhan speaks about Global village in 1960s and his quote became reality in todays living. There are advantages using Information Communication Technology: Communication Speed/time and money can be saved because it is much quicker to send/share information around. Communication is more efficient to contact either business partners or friends and family members all over the world. ICT expands availability for communications. Social network sites and Social media such as Skype allows making video-conference calls with immediate response. Messages can be send to numerous people/companies across distances. Lives have been affected by ICT in most positive ways bringing families together across the world. Cost effectiveness Numerous offers from telecommunication companies and smart phones therefore making far cheaper than in the past. For business ICT saves incredible amount of money on business flights and accommodations. Only few years ago there was no way to send free message through to the phone, but now people uses social network for free communication e.g. Viber, Skype, Facebook. Saving time and money for petrol as people can go shopping from home through online shopping. Greater availability Websites are open for communication in every minute of the year. This means that a business can be open anytime anywhere giving a customer the capability to make purchase from different sites and different countries. Bridging the cultural gap Greater access to the ICT has helped to build the bridges between different cultures giving them opportunity to exchange views and ideas. Also, educate both sides of communication bridge thereby increasing awareness and reducing prejudice. Creation of jobs The best advantage of ICT has been a creation of new and interesting jobs in IT sectors. Computer programmers, web designers etc. have great employment opportunities created through the advancement of technology. Education There is new opportunity for further education to improve qualification in so many economic sectors. A degree can be completed online from persons home. It is possible to hold a job and still do degree. Disadvantages. Lack of Security/Privacy Though IT may have changed and more convenient, it also brought along privacy and security issues. From email hacking, phone signal interception etc. people are worried that personal information may become public knowledge. IT keeps changing almost every day which means that the individuals must be up to date in IT to secure their jobs. There is also risk factors with the systems computer viruses, malware, spam, Trojans etc., attacking. Unemployment While IT may have streamlined the business process, it has created job redundancies and subcontracting. Using the computers instead of human resources employers save huge amount of money but employees are losing their jobs as not needed anymore. Social media The network pages are open to everyone including teenagers and young childrens which can affect their mental and physical health by watching and playing violent games. They became addicted to the phones, iPod, gaming consoles forgetting about outside activities and communication in the society. Cyber bulling It is so easy now bullying and threatening others in social network pages that this has become much easier for internet users all over the world. They dont realize what the consequences are to those reading/hearing unpleasant comments. In the recent past there have been so many investigation cases regarding cyber bullying with lethal consequences. Avoid hurting someones feelings by emails or other forms of electronic communication; Respect other peoples online rights; Avoid insulting someone; If someone insults you be calm; Avoid crashing discussion groups or fora; Respect the privacy of other people online; Be responsible online. Ref.http://www.garda.ie/Documents/ Reliance on technology People dont bother to read, calculate or write without computers anymore in same time losing abilities of hand writing (why write if can use spell-checker), calculate without calculator even for minor addition, reading books (why read if there so much information in internet). Conclusion The abovementioned has explained numerous advantages and disadvantages that are increasing as the technology improves. People must be cautious with how and who they give in the personal information to. The list can be endless. What happens in the future; will advantages outweigh disadvantages? Who will win in this battle, computers or human beings, and how much will be lost in this battle remains to be seen. Bibliography Tutor notes http://cyberbullying.org/ Mc Luhan, M. 1964, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man Published by McGraw-Hill. http://www.garda.ie/ http://bookboon.com/

Comparison of The Rich Boy, The Bridal Party, and The Great Gatsby by F

Comparison of The Rich Boy, The Bridal Party, and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald The 1920’s market a booming America economy, making evident transition between social classes. People become very optimistic, and sometimes began living their lives as if they had already obtained the American dream. Dreamers usually create illusions to avoid the cruel realities of life. F. Scott Fitzgerald exemplifies three overly enthusiastic believers in â€Å"The Rich Boy† with Anson Hunter, â€Å"The Bridal Party† with Michael Curly, and The Great Gatsby with Jay Gatsby. Fitzgerald easily builds these characters into ‘the man of imagination’ and the ‘the man of action.’ They live an illusion by dwelling on the past, feeling that money can buy what they want, yet reality shatters their fantasy world; thus Fitzgerald depicts how each character evolves in romanticism and realism. All three characters experience a sense of living illusions in which Fitzgerald includes romanticism in them. In â€Å"Rich boy,† Paula Legendre is Anson Hunter’s unattainable love due to his behaviour. As...

Essay on Everyday Use, Daffodils, and The Glass Menagerie

Lessons From Everyday Use, Daffodils, and The Glass Menagerie Literature plays a major role in civilization. Even societies without a written language have literature. Stories, poems and songs are pasted down orally from one generation to another. This term we have study three forms of literature; short stories, poems, and drama. The study of these three forms has affected me in different ways and I have taken different lessons out of each form. The three literary work witch had the greatest impact on me are "Everyday Use" written by Alice Walker, "Daffodils" written by William Wordsworth, and "The Glass Menagerie" written by Tennessee Williams. Alice Walker's short story "Everyday Use" tells of a mother and her two daughters, Dee, who is polished, poise, educated and stylish, and Maggie who is not bright and scarred from a fire. Dee and Maggie are opposites. Dee has tried to make something of her self but in doing so forgot what it was that she came from. Maggie has lived her life in the same way her mother has lived her life and in the same way her grandmother lived her life. Maggie knows where she came from and does not feel the need to better her self. Dee collects objects from her mother's house to display around her own. Maggie, being use to the idea of Dee getting her way, sits dumb founded while items are gathered by Dee. Dee finally tries to take two quilts handcrafted by her grandmother. The mother tries to convince her to take two different quilts but Dee refuses saying that they were made by machines and not worth as "priceless" as the others.&nbs... ...he horn breaks off, now it is just like the rest of the horses. She starts to feel comfortable with him when he tells her of his engagement to a woman named Betty. This makes her loose her self-confidence. Despite of this a seed is planned with in her that she is just like all the other girls and does not need to be so withdrawn. The lesson in this play is that it is better to face your problems then run away from them. The three works of literature, "Everyday Use" written by Alice Walker, "Daffodils" written by William Wordsworth, and "The Glass Menagerie" written by Tennessee Williams have each showed me something different. Whether reading a short story or poem or watching a play there is always a lesson or idea to be gathered from literature.

A & P Case Study on Addisons Disease

Unit 1 Case Study Addison’s disease is from a result from damage to the adrenal cortex. These two adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys, where they are enclosed in a fibrous capsule and a cushion of fat. . The have an outer portion, called the cortex, which is a glandular tissue derived from embryonic mesoderm. The inner portion called the medulla, which is more like a knot of nervous tissue than a gland and it is part of the sympathetic nervous system. The adrenal cortex synthesizes over two dozen steroid hormones called corticosteroids. The Adrenal medulla is part of the autonomic nervous system. They are often referred to as the suprarenal glands. That damage causes the cortex to produce less of their hormones (corticosteroids) The 3 types of hormone secreted are the glucocorticoid hormone (Cortisol) which maintain glucose control, decrease immune response and help the body respond to stress. The mineralocorticoid hormones (aldosterone) regulates sodium and potassium balance. The 3rd one is the sex hormones, androgen and estrogen, which affect sexual development and sex drive. There are a few things that may cause damage such as, the immune system mistakenly attacking the gland autoimmune disorder), infections such as tuberculosis, HIV or fungal infections. Hemorrhage’s, tumors and use of blood thinning drugs are some other causes. Risk factors for the autoimmune type of Addison’s disease include chronic thyroiditis, dermatis herpetiforms, Graves’ disease, hypoparathyroidism, hypopituitarism, myasthenia gravis, testicular dysfunction, type 1 diabetes and pernicious anemia. Usually the destruction of the adrenal gland cortex is often gradual and the symptoms are mild. Addison’s often goes undiagnosed until a sudden illness or accident occurs. The worsening of symptoms is called acute adrenal insufficiency and can be life threatening. Let’s go back to the start of symptoms with Addison’s disease. Here are a few, changes in heart rate and blood pressure, chronic diarrhea, darkening of the skin (it becomes patchy), irregular menstruation, irritability, paleness, extreme weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, salt cravings, slow, sluggish movements, weight loss, lesions on the buccal mucosa, nausea and vomiting. Acute adrenal crisis have similar symptoms of course, however you will also see abdominal ain, confusion, dizziness, headaches, joint pain, rapid heart rate, rapid respirations, shaking chills, unusual and excessive sweating on face and/or palms. And in severe cases coma and/or death. The initial diagnosis and decision to treat are based on history, physical examination and lab findings. Lab tests such as ACTH stimulation test, cortisol level, fasting blood sugar, serum potassium and serum sodium. Tests ma y show an increase in potassium, low cortisol level, low serum sodium. The Adrenal medullae normally secrete 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine. Sympathetic stimulation results in secretion. Epinephrine is the more potent stimulator of metabolic activities, but norepinephrine has the greater influence on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure. The adrenal cortex produces the 3 hormones listed above. Cortisol is produced from 2 hydroxylations of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. Cortisol is 90-93% protein bound. Glucocorticoids are nonspecific cardiac stimulants that activate release of vasoactive substances. So in the absence of corticosteroids, stress results in hypotension, shock and even death. Glucocorticoids stimulate gluconeogenesis and decrease cellular glucose use, obilize amino acids and fatty acids, inhibit the effects of insulin, and give rise to ketone bodies in metabolism, elevate RBC and platelet levels and exhibit anti- inflammatory effects. Adrenal crisis occurs when the adrenal gland is damaged (primary adrenal insufficiency), the pituitary gland is injured (secondary adrenal insufficiency) or that adrenal insufficiency is not properly treated. Treat ment with replacement corticosteroids will control the symptoms of this disease, and this usually will require the patient to take these drugs for life. It is receive a combination of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. The provider may increase the dose in times of infection, injury and stress. With adrenal crisis patients will need an immediate injection of hydrocortisone, either IM, or IV. If the blood pressure is extreme low IV fluids will be helpful. Complications can occur if you take too much or not enough of the adrenal hormone supplement. This complications can arise due to related illnesses such as diabetes, chronic thyroiditis, hypoparathyroidsim, ovarian hypofunction or testicular failure, thyrotoxicosis and pernicious anemia. Low sodium with Addison’s should be carefully corrected, if one to quickly it can lead to brain damage, this is noted in a 2004 article in â€Å"American family Physician† they require immediate but slow administration of saline, which is basically salt water, composed of sodium chloride in water. They list a second step which then be finding the underlying cause. Primary adrenocortical insufficiency is not a common disorder. It’s incidence in western populations are near 50 cases per 1,000, 000. However with the widespread corticosteroid use secondary adrenocortical insufficiency due to steroid withdrawal has become much more common. Approximately 6,000,000 persons in the United States are considered to have undiagnosed adrenal insufficiency, which is significant only during times of physiologic stress. Primary adrenocortical insufficiency does have many etiologies. But it is noted that 70-80% of the cases in the United States are caused by autoimmune adrenal destruction. It is found that about 30% of the time the adrenal damage is due other causes such as TB. In children about 70% of the cases are caused by a congenital disease termed congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Primary adrenocortical insufficiency affects men and women equally, women are affected 2-3 imes more often by the idiopathic autoimmune form of adrenal insufficiency. In idiopathic autoimmune adrenal insufficiency, the diagnosis is most often found in the third to fourth decades of life. This disease however is not limited to any specific age group. â€Å"American Family Physician†, Kian Peng:2004 â€Å"Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease†, Vinay Kumar 8th Ed 2009 http:/emedicine. medscape. com/article/765753-overview http:/labtestsonline. org/understanding/conditions/addisons-disease/ http:/www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000378. htm

Basic Concept of International Development

International development or global development is a concept that lacks a universally accepted definition, but it is most used in a holistic and multi-disciplinary context of human development – the development of livelihoods and greater quality of life for humans. It therefore encompasses foreign aid, governance, healthcare, education, gender equality, disaster preparedness, infrastructure, economics, human rights, environment and issues associated with these.International development is related to the concept of international aid, but is distinct from, though conceptually related to, disaster relief and humanitarian aid. While these two forms of international support seek to alleviate some of the problems associated with a lack of development, they are most often short term fixes – they are not necessarily long-term solutions. International development, on the other hand, seeks to implement long-term solutions to problems by helping developing countries create the nec essary capacity needed to provide such sustainable solutions to their problems.A truly sustainable development project is one whichwill be able to carry on indefinitely with no further international involvement or support, whether it is financial or otherwise. |International development projects may consist of a single, transformative project to address a specific problem or a series of projects | |targeted at several aspects of society. will be able to carry on indefinitely with no further international involvement or support, whether it is financial or otherwise. International development projects may consist of a single, transformative project to address a specific problem or a series of projects | |targeted at several aspects of society. will be able to carry on indefinitely with no further international involvement or support, whether it is financial or otherwise. |International development projects may consist of a single, transformative project to address a specific problem o r a series of projects | |targeted at several aspects of society.

How to Control an Over Population Country

In the late 1960s and early 1970s some environmentalists began making a sensational claim. The world†s ever increasing population, they claimed, would soon outstrip the planet†s limited resources leading to an environmental disaster. In these doom and gloom scenarios, a massive worldwide famine was just around the corner. The number of people would keep increasing while the amount of food available would stay the same or even decline. The result, the experts argued, was famine by the early 1980s at the latest. The only way to decrease the severity of the impending disaster was to adopt strict policies to control population. There will soon be 6 billion human beings on Earth: according to the latest population estimates released by the United Nations. At this rate, the world population is doubling every 40 years. On October 12, 1999 the world's population will reach 6,000,000,000 people. The overpopulation is a very vast subject, but my assignment will only explain the three major points of the overpopulation. The biggest concern of human beings is the decreasing rate of resources, as the years go by, resources are on a constant decline. Which means in a couple of years, if the population continuous to increase, are resources will disappear in a short term of time. Also, I will try to explain the reasons why this subject became what it is now . Why did did the population increase so much in the past decades, will be answered. And finally, will be looking at solutions to solve this problem in ethical and unethical ways. If everyone on the planet today would adopt a North American lifestyle, natural resources would quickly disappear. Luckily most nations are still careful. They will need to remain so while improving their standard of living. It will be necessary that others in wealthy nations curb their consumption and wastes. Our survival depends on population control as well as a better management of natural resources. Being limited in quantity, natural resources need to be managed accordingly. A new management of the planet's resources has to be planned. In spite of the population increase, famines have become less frequent in the past two hundred years, thanks to phenomenal agricultural yields, and global economy. In the last few years several African countries have been affected by famine. The causes were all due to political problems, including civil wars, that disorganize the economy, paralyze transportation, and prevent emergency food drops to reach their destination. Famine is no longer due to a global food shortage. Everyone's probably heard predictions that the world is going to run out of some essential resource. From copper to oil to food to hundreds of other things human beings use, â€Å"experts† like to come along and predict the imminent exhaustion of resources. The last two centuries have proven not only these individuals, but the very models underlining scarcity of resources, to be wrong. For example, food. Several times over the last 40 years so called â€Å"experts† predicted global famine because increases in food production couldn't possibly keep up with population growth. Thankfully, they were wrong. The best indications today are that food production will continue to outpace population growth for the foreseeable future statistics say. A other example is oil. Predictions of the world using up all its oil have been around for at least 70 years. They reached their peak in the 1970s with the oil crisis brought on by the Oil and Petroleum Exporting Countries' attempt to raise oil prices by voluntarily limiting supply . As the price rises, however, the quantity demanded by consumers decreases. As the price of gasoline increases, for example, consumers will tend to purchase more fuel efficient automobiles or find automobiles which use fuel sources not dependent on oil. This does not require any great leap in technology; there are already numerous alternatives to oil which would become economically feasible if the price of oil ever jumped significantly. Natural gas, for example, is likely to replace oil as the primary source of energy for the future sometime in the next century. In 1994 one of every two people lived in the city, while only one in ten did so in 1900. For hundreds of thousands of years the human population was growing at a low but steadily increasing rate. Then in less than 200 years, the world population went from 1 billion to 6 billion people. Why? Because the balance between birth and death has been broken. The recent global population growth is not the consequence of ncreased birth rates but of an unprecedented decrease in death rate. The 20th century has resulted in victory over famine-related and infant mortality, as well as significant advances in public health and medicine. In the world, five women give birth every second. UN projections show that, in the next 50 years, family planning would be widely used all over the world and birth rate would become universally low. Simultaneously, average life expectancy would reach at least 70 years. Population growth would then start to slow down until it stabilized around the end of the next century. A century from now the world population will probably reach 10 to 15 billion people. Will the world be a nice place to live in? Specialists have mixed opinions. Optimists think that the planet can accommodate a much larger population. Others, more pessimistic, predict catastrophes before ever reaching this number. Researchers have looked for years to find solutions to fight the the overpopulation, but we can†t just except any solutions. Governments can†t just tell the population to stop giving birth, it would be a horrifying reaction from is people. Here are some solutions from researchers that are ethical and unethical. In some countries, particularly Africa, the AIDS epidemic has reached devastating proportions. In the most affected country, Zambia, nearly one in five women of childbearing age is infected. The death rate has already increased by 50%. Eventhough mortality has increased, it has remained less than the birthrate and the population has not decreased. No other country has seen its population decrease because of the AIDS virus, and there is little chance for this to ever happen. There are, however, serious problems concerning the distribution of the earth's goods. But this poor distribution is the result of sin, not overpopulation. Many of the world's calamities and starvation problems are caused by political corruption within Third World countries and a lack of generosity on the part of those individuals and nations with greater abundance. With modern agricultural equipment, adequate food storage facilities, and technology to ensure clean drinking water, Third World countries like India could make great strides in becoming self-sufficient; and developed countries like the United States could help provide these improvements. Many people who support abortion claim overpopulation as a major reason why abortion is not only a right, but a necessity. They claim that because of the enormous amount of people in the world, if all mothers kept their children within their womb, there would not be enough land and food to provide for them. But is this a ethical way of solving problems†¦ Overpopulation is the root cause of all environmental deterioration. Global warming, the ozone hole, rain forest destruction, desertification and all kinds of pollution, weather breakdown, and natural disasters are only signs of this already deadly monster. Population grows exponentially. That is, each generation is a little bigger than the generation before, and so more people have more children, and the next generation is bigger yet. Population grows faster and faster. On the other hand, food production is limited by available farmland, water for irrigation, and so on, and so cannot grow without limit. Food production grows more and more slowly. Therefore, it inevitably follows that as population continues to grow faster while food production grows more slowly, sooner or later population will outstrip food supply, and it just will not be possible to feed all the people. Human societies will always face significant challenges and problems to overcome. New diseases will almost certainly emerge over the next century, as they have ever since human beings began living in large groups. Technological upheaval and change will be the rule rather than the exception. But provided that democracy and freedom continue to spread around the globe, albeit at a sometimes incredibly slow pace, we should expect the 21st century to be a much better place to live to the same degree that the 20th century has been immeasurably better for humans than the 19th century was.

Why Is Agriculture Important in the World of Today

Since the dawn of history, agriculture has been one of the important means of producing food for human consumption. Today more and more lands are being developed for the production of a large variety crops. In Asia, vast areas of land are being used to produce rice, wheat, rubber and a variety of other crops. In Asia, vast areas of land are being used to produce rice, wheat, rubber and a variety of other crops. More than half of the lands occupied and developed by human beings in the world are devoted to agriculture. That agriculture is one of the most essential means of producing food is realized easily when we think of the types of things that we eat. The rice or wheat that we eat comes from the land. Even potatoes and other roots or vegetables and even leaves such as tea, as well as the fruits that men eat are the products of the soil that covers the earth. In fact, everything that we eat except meat, fish and other kinds of flesh comes from the land and what grows on the land is part of agriculture. Even the sugar, oil, coffee and other beverages that we use are products of plants that grow on the land. In the same way, many of the medicines that we use are made of plants that grow in various parts of the world. The tobacco that we use for relaxation also comes from a plant. Thus, it can be easily observed that without agriculture we would be almost without food. It is true, however, that in the remote past men did live mainly on flesh that he obtained by hunting. But such a kind of life was unhappy and inconvenient, for animals were not found everywhere easily. Therefore, men turned to agriculture for his livelihood. Today, agriculture continues to provide almost all the foods that men require to survive on the earth.

International Business Environment in Ireland Case Study - 1

International Business Environment in Ireland - Case Study Example Within the combination of various factors that influence development, the government of Ireland embraces peace and socio-cultural integration so that the country is able to recognize business partners as part of their economic development stakeholders hence handling business partners with the diligent they require. Cut in government spending is also a factor which boosted the performance of the economy of Ireland. Tax reduction was meant to reduce the cost of investment and attract foreign investors in the country. That is why Microsoft was attracted to invest in information technology business in Ireland which generated a lot of economic activities and contributed positively towards the gross domestic product. With control over the inflation, the country is able to gain from Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) increasing the number of the business transaction between traders and intergovernmental organization to the benefit of the country. However, with the peaceful transition in government, the economic state of the country has withstood the tough global economic challenges that face many countries in the global market resulting into heavy losses in business and trade as a whole (Gordon Bigelow, 2003, p. 45). The overall ability of a country to attract foreign investment also depends on membership of an economic trading block. In case of Ireland membership of European economic commission not only provided the market to the country but also enabled it to diversify its export products. Initially, Ireland depended on the markets of the united kingdom alone which relied mostly on agricultural products only. Through membership of the economic block Ireland was able to open up to competition for its products as well (Philip, 2000, p. 17).

Cour Issues Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cour Issues Analysis - Research Paper Example Moreover, there is a backlog of cases in the judiciary; this backlog is perhaps an attribute to the vicious cycle of crime fueled by the inefficiency of the judiciary to exercise deterrence in administering sentences. The aim of the penal system is to exercise deterrence and retribution to offenders and other like-minded individuals. It is therefore the role of the judiciary to uphold this principle and protect the rule of law. In that regard, this paper shall analyze the past, current and future issues affecting the court system. The justice system is faces a myriad of issues currently. Apart from the normal difficulty of administering justice and protecting the rule of law, courts are facing difficulties with the victim’s rights issues and translation issues due to language barriers. The most severe of issues faced by the justice system, courts, and administrators is the enormous task of handling huge chunks of cases piling everyday in the prosecutor’s desk. Perhaps t his is the major reason why prosecutors are under immense pressure, resulting in dropping cases daily. Nevertheless, the courts in current times are marred with a premise of delayed cases that never seem to see their day in court. This situation befits the legal maxim as quoted by William Ewart that justice delayed is justice denied. However, court administration may at times see it fit to rush the court proceedings to clear up the backlog and congestion of the cases scheduled for hearing. Dire consequences may result from such haste to hear and determine cases, since court cases affect human lives, and due care is paramount in discharging justice. After all, courts were not fashioned to operate in such a hasty manner. It is obvious that the criminal justice system is overburdened; this has in turn exerted a ripple effect in the prosecutor’s office. More and more felony cases are dumped as plea bargains. This is both good and bad. Since the perpetrator of a felony accepts a p lea bargain for a lesser charge and gets a lesser penalty for that charge. Although it is a beneficial tact in time conservation, but it grossly, undermine the purpose of existence of any judicial system anywhere. The purpose of the court system is to provide justice, and punish the wrongdoer. Furthermore, in the discharging of justice, the judicial system has a role of deterrence and retribution via the correction facilities. Therefore, if deterrence from crime is a function of the judicial system, then it should not merely dispense lesser sentence due to time management. Proper judgment should be administered to console and restitute the injured party. While it is beneficial for the court to manage their time through plea bargains, criminal offenders and other likeminded individuals are not effectively deterred from criminal activities since consequences are less severe. The prevailing uninhabitable conditions of correction facilities due to overcrowding, communicable diseases pre valence, intrinsic violence, and being strikingly counterproductive schools for crime that churn out hardened convicts (Muraskin, R. & Roberts, R. 2009), contributes to the courts reluctant state from issuing harsher sentences. Nevertheless, the tendency of the courts to ignore the deterrence factor of sentencing, has contributed to a vicious cycle of criminal activity that perhaps has contributed to the heightened backlog of cases. This is increasingly causing many challenges to the