Gallium Facts (Atomic Number 31 or Ga)

Gallium is a bright blue-silver metal with a melting point low enough you can melt a chunk in your hand. Here are interesting facts about this element. Gallium  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 31 Symbol: Ga Atomic Weight: 69.732 Discovery: Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran 1875 (France) Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p1 Word Origin: Latin Gallia, France and gallus, a Latin translation of Lecoq, a cock (name of its discoverer was Lecoq de Boisbaudran) Properties: Gallium has a melting point of 29.78 °C, boiling point of 2403 °C, specific gravity of 5.904 (29.6 °C), specific gravity of 6.095 (29.8 °C, liguid), with a valence of 2 or 3. Gallium has one of the longest liquid temperature ranges of any metal, with a low vapor pressure even at high temperatures. The element has a strong tendency to supercool below its freezing point. Seeding is sometimes necessary to initiate solidification. Pure gallium metal has a silvery appearance. It exhibits a conchoidal fracture that it similar to a glass fracture in appearance. Gallium expands 3.1% on solidifying, so it should not be stored in a metal or glass container that can break upon its solidification. Gallium wets glass and porcelain, forming a brilliant mirror finish on glass. Highly pure gallium is only slowly attacked by mineral acids. Gallium is associated with a relatively low toxicity, but should be handled with care until more health data has been accumulated. Uses: Since it is a liquid near room temperature, gallium is used for high-temperature thermometers. Gallium is used to dope semiconductors and for producing solid-state devices. Gallium arsenide is used to convert electricity into coherent light. Magnesium gallate with divalent impurities (e.g., Mn2) is used to make commercial ultraviolet-activated powder phosphors. Sources: Gallium may be found as a trace element in sphalerite, diaspore, bauxite, coal, and germanite. Flue dusts from burning coal may contain as much as 1.5% gallium. The free metal may be obtained by electrolysis of its hydroxide in a KOH solution. Element Classification:Basic Metal Gallium Physical Data Density (g/cc): 5.91 Melting Point (K): 302.93 Boiling Point (K): 2676 Appearance: soft, blue-white metal Isotopes: There are 27 known isotopes of gallium ranging from Ga-60 to Ga-86. There are two stable isotopes: Ga-69 (60.108% abundance) and Ga-71 (39.892% abundance). Atomic Radius (pm): 141 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 11.8 Covalent Radius (pm): 126 Ionic Radius: 62 (3e) 81 (1e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.372 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 5.59 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 270.3 Debye Temperature (K): 240.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.81 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 578.7 Oxidation States: 3 Lattice Structure: Orthorhombic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 4.510 CAS Registry Number: 7440-55-3 Gallium Trivia: Galliums discover, Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran named the element after his home country France. The Latin word gallus means both Gaul which is an older name for France. It was believed he also named the element after himself because gallus also means rooster (or Le Coq in French). Lecoq later denied he named gallium after himself.The discovery of gallium filled a spot predicted by Mendeleevs periodic table. Gallium took the place of the placeholder element eka-aluminum.Gallium was first identified using spectroscopy by its distinct pair of violet spectral lines.Galliums melting point (302.93 K) is low enough to melt the metal in the palm of your hand.Gallium is the element with the highest range of temperatures for its liquid phase. The difference between galliums melting and boiling point is 2373  °C.Gallium is one of five elements with a melting point near room temperature. The other four are mercury, cesium, rubidium and francium.Gallium expands as it freezes like water.Gall ium does not exist free in nature.Gallium is obtained as a byproduct in the production of zinc and aluminum.Most gallium produced today is used in electronics.Gallium nitride semiconductors are used the blue diode lasers of Blu-rayâ„ ¢ players.Gallium arsenide is used to produce ultra-brite blue LEDs.Liquid gallium is known for its ability to wet glass, porcelain and skin. Gallium forms a very reflective surface on glass making an excellent mirror.An amalgam of gallium, indium, tin is used in medical thermometers in place of the more traditional and toxic mercury thermometers.Gallium Beating Heart is one of the fun and easy chemistry demonstrations for chemistry students. Gallium Fast Facts Element Name: GalliumElement Symbol: GaAtomic Number: 31Group: Group 13 (Boron Group)Period: Period 4Appearance: Silver-blue metalDiscovery:  Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1875) Sources de Boisbaudran, Lecoq (1835–1965). Caractà ¨res chimiques et spectroscopiques dun nouveau mà ©tal, le gallium, dà ©couvert dans une blende de la mine de Pierrefitte, vallà ©e dArgelà ¨s (Pyrà ©nà ©es). Comptes rendus. 81: 493.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Prenatal Development And Development Of A Fetus - 1591 Words

Prenatal development, also known as antenatal development, is the process of the development of a human fetus during pregnancy, from fertilization of the egg until the birth of the child. There are many factors that can contribute to the development of the fetus and many threats that can impact it. Most prenatal development occurs in a normal manner, however; there are many things that can go wrong during this vulnerable time and usually are caused by genetic or environmental factors. While the hazards that threaten the development of a fetus can be easily steered clear of, dangers do exist and should be recognized to ensure the fetus undergoes complete and healthy maturation. The growth of the fetus that takes place during the nine months of prenatal development is a very important and susceptible time. Anything the mother is exposed or even ingests makes its way into the placenta and to the fetus. Some risk factors for prenatal development include the age and nutrition of the mother, exercise, and stress levels. On behalf of environmental factors that can have a negative effect on growth and development of the fetus, teratogens which are substances in the environment that can have a harmful effect on the development of the fetus (Stein, Kline Kharrazi, 1984) are the main environmental threats. The detrimental effects of teratogens depend on many different factors such as the amount of exposure that the fetus is in contact with, heredity, and any other negativeShow MoreRelatedPrenatal Development : A Fragile Phase Of Fetal Development1558 Words   |  7 PagesPrenatal development is a very fragile phase of fetal development that can be affect by environ mental factors and maternal factors. Prenatal development is the process in which a human fetus develops during pregnancy. 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Discuss the plot in Bram Stokers Dracula Essay Example For Students

Discuss the plot in Bram Stokers Dracula Essay Bram Stokers Dracula was filmed and produce in 1992 by Francis Ford Coppola. Based on the infamous vampire novel Dracula in the 1890s. The film stars Gary Oldman as Dracula throughout the film, the hero Harker is played by Keanu Reeves. Winona Ryder play two parts of the film, one is the wife of Dracula the opening sequence and later plays the fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e of Harker reincarnated. And Anthony Hopkins play the priest of the Christian church of the opening sequence and also does the voice-over for the film. Plot The film starts out in 1462 where Muslim Turks try to invade Transylvania with a massive army. Dracula, before becoming the vampire, is the commanding officer of the defending Christians of Transylvania. The eve before the battle Dracula says farewell to his wife, Elizabeta. They battled on long and hard but in the end Draculas forces ceases victory over the Turks. But the Turks wanted revenge; they did this by shooting an arrow with message saying that Dracula was killed in battle. And after reading the message she lunged herself into the river thinking that there is no point in living with your love. As Dracula returns from the battlefield unknowing that his wife has committed suicide for false reasons he shocked and then over whelmed by rage. With this rage flowing through him he shout out that he renounces God and will revenge or bring back Elizabeta with the powers of darkness. He then stabs the cross of Christ with his bloodstained sword. Just as Dracula does this, the cross starts to spurt out blood and the candle fire turns from orangey red to midnight blue. Dracula then picks up a grail or golden cup and collects the blood from the cross and then drinks it all. When finished Dracula screams very loud. After the title has faded it is 1892 London, Renfield is shown in a mental institute talking to himself about being rewarded by some dark force. He then eats a cockroach and thanks someone.  Jonathon Harker is shown talking his employer about organising a property buyer in Transylvania named Dracula who wish to buy a property in London. Harker asks his employer about what happened to Renfield in Transylvania who also was trying to organise a property for Dracula. The employer replies with family problems.  Mina, Harkers fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e talks to Harker about getting before Harkers to Transylvania. But Harker suggests they would marry after his business trip. Representation Dracula When you see Dracula in the film he is clad in red armour that is shaped like human muscles and tendons, holding a sword in an aggressive pose.  Elizabeta As you see Elizabeta with Dracula she has long flowing curly hair with a tiara in it and wears on white bodice on her dress. This shows innocence and also shows her as a victim a crime of some sort. Her voice is soft gentle and high pitched. After committing suicide the dress she wore is dark and gothic now looking damned.  Draculas voice After Dracula returned from the battle and is shocked by his wifes death. His voice is gruff, angry and very aggressive. This maybe because he feels betrayed by God. Visual Effects Elizabetas Death  Just before you see Elizabeta plunge to her doom you see a long shot of her silhouette showing us not her colours but a darkness coming from her. It then zooms in on her and moves over the edge as Elizabeta jumps making the audience feel closely to her as she dies. It cuts from white and cloudy background showing the innocence of her to a dark red, which is showing death. You see a low angle shot (worms eye view) of Dracula as he returns from battle meaning blood and fighting. This really helps the story. .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec , .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec .postImageUrl , .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec , .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec:hover , .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec:visited , .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec:active { border:0!important; } .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec:active , .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2fb702e84e52d85c6564767ccc6c32ec:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How Shakespeare achieves the comic effects in Act 3, Scene 4, where Malvolio appears "cross-gartered" and in yellow stockings EssayWhen Draculas anger shows the camera pulls out and up showing Gods view of the event. This is called omnipotent. Dracula now looks small, weak and powerless. The low angle shot of the cross Christ when Dracula stabs it, this makes it look huge, powerful and important. It also shows the importance of church and its religion. However, he stabs it in the centre or the heart you could say. This is showing Draculas hate for God and Christianity. The blood flowing from the cross is showing the end of Draculas religion. At the end of the opening scene it show a close up of Dracula screaming. Sound  To intro  At the start of the opening scene it has a slow threatening music that gets louder and louder until there is a voice-over of a foreign mal which show that you could be from a different country.  During battle  During the battle there are a number of dark chords or discordant which are loud and repeating. Together with this and battle sounds this makes the audience feel the violence and emotions of the battle. Draculas return As Dracula returns to the church the music rhythm stops. This makes it sound like someones heat has stopped beating. Then just silence until he is overwhelmed by the shock of his wifes death. This is to emphasis to drama and horror of it.  When Dracula stabs the cross a females voice or females voices chanting a religious or holy type of music. As the title appears the music gains volume until complete and utterly stop.

Emplotment and Unemployment

Question: Discuss about the Emploment and Unemployment ? Answer : INTRODUCTION Amongst the various macro-economic factors such as the supply and demand chain equilibrium, employment and unemployment, inflation in a country, the performance of banks etc, employment and unemployment is one of the most important macro-economic factors which has a great impact on the economy of a country. Before analysing how employment and unemployment as an economic indicator determines the economic conditions of a country, it is very important to understand about these factors. Thus a situation when an individual is looking for a job but is unable to find one is termed as unemployment. It determines how an economy of a country is performing. The unemployment rate of a country is used as a measurement scale. It is basically the number of unemployed individuals divided by the total number of people who are a part of the labour force of a country. Thus it can be rightly said that in any country the entire workforce can be divided into three categories namely employed, unemployed and those not a part of the labour force i.e. still not eligible to work. In this report we will basically discuss how the employment and unemployment rate changes in any country during various periods ranging between 2000 to 2013 wherein there has been a time period for expansion of firms, recession as well as a period wherein the economic conditions were just average (Bertoni, Ricchiuti, 2014). In this report we will be discussing about how has the economy of Egypt been affected due to the employment and unemployment conditions prevailing over a period of 2000 to 2013. LITERATURE REVIEW Egypt is one country whose unemployed rate has always been averaging at around 10.83 percent from 1993 to 2016, just to report a record low of 8.10 percent in the second quarter of 1999. Egypt has always been a low middle income country. The poverty rates in the said country are found to be as high as 60 percent in rural Upper Egypt. The main section of the country which is unemployed is the women and the young generation. Further to this, the infrastructural development of Egypt is unable to cope up with the increasing population of the country. Due to this the economic development has slowed down considerably and the country is looking for further reforms which would help to improvise the conditions of the population. The graph below indicates the unemployment rate of Egypt for a short period between 2014 January to 2017 January, portraying the actual situation of the recent past. Source: tradingeconomics.com. 2017 The August 2015 data clearly reveals that the unemployment rate of the Country has fallen to 12.5 percent however it has not made any significant improvement amongst the conditions of the younger generation. The youth unemployment rate of Egypt was as high as 42 percent in 2014 as per the data released by ILO (reuters.com. 2016). The main characteristics of the labour market of Egypt are high employment rates within the job seekers who are very well educated, the labour market becoming informal, the scale of dominance is shifting from public sector to private sector, low levels of labour productivity and dearth of skilled labour force which are unable to match up with the requirements of the economy which would help to become more competitive and globalised (Ibrahim, 2013). The unemployment structure in Egypt mainly comprises of youth below the age of 30. Unemployment is directly proportionate to the number. The main reason is high dependency in the public sector wherein people know that they are sure to secure a job after graduation but the only issue is the wait time of around 1-3 years before being placed somewhere in the public segment (Levine, 2013). Furthermore, those who are not educated, cannot become a part of this segment and hence are generally engaged in doing some casual job or do some sort of a small self employed work to sustain a living. Gender discrimination has been one of the other main reason behind such an unemployment rate in the Egyptian Labour Market. There are a large number of women work force which are unemployed and those who have a job are not paid as per their qualification. Unfortunately the said distance and discrimination has been increasing (Assaad, Arntz 2005). The unemployment rate of Egypt has reached at such an alarming rate simply due to reasons such as from the supply side the rate at which the population is growing but the income level is falling. However on the demand side, the economic growth rate of the country was a very big help for the countrys employment and unemployment issues. The growth rate which was around 5-6% during the period 1999/2000 had seen a sharp fall during the shocks of September 2011. However by 2007/2008 it had again regained to around 7%. Unfortunately the global financial crisis of 2008 which had hit the entire world, dipped the GDP to 4.1% due to a decline in the tourism earnings of the country. The graph below clearly reveals the unemployment rate being the highest amongst the university graduates and those who have achieved only intermediate level of education. FIGURE 1: Unemployment distribution in 2013 education and gender wise. Source: CAPMAS 2014 The country was worst hit by the 2011 revolution which had a pessimistic reaction over the countrys GDP which fell to 1.8% in 2011. It eve had a drastic impact on the unemployment rate of the country which touched to 12%. From the above intervention about the employment and unemployment of Egypt it is very evident that there are some differences between the actual meaning and reasons of unemployment than what is stated in our theories. Unemployment has taken an unexpected toll over the economic conditions of the country wherein the maximum population is below poverty line (Malec et.al. 2016). The reforms made are not clearly spelt out and rolled out in the public. DISCUSSION From the past two decades now, the unemployment rate in Egypt has been fluctuating between 8% and 12%. The governments main agenda for the upliftment of the Egyptian economy also comprises of unemployment issues. Since the unemployment figures are in double digits, therefore the policy makers have realised that the country is in deep trouble. As per the Egyptian Labour Market Survey, the unemployment rate increased to such an extent that it became difficult for the economy to absorb he increasing number of new labourers entering the market each day seeking for work. The economy is facing dual challenge with regards the employment and unemployment. Firstly, it is unable to provide jobs to a population of six lacs every year and secondly there is a mismatch in the quality of the labour force between the one supplied and the one demanded by the corporates. The mismatch is so much that as per the 2006 statistics the educational qualifications and the demand for labour has contributed to a greater amount of unemployment amongst the youth wherein women unemployment rate is 45% and that of males is 25% (Amin 2014). FIGURE 2: Unemployment and GDP development-chain indices, Source: CAPMAS 2014, FAO 2014 The figure 2, above clearly shows that there is some difference and lag due to which the GDP growth s delayed by one year and dependent upon the growth in the employment force. One of the most sought after method to deal with the ever rising issue of unemployment in Egypt would be the intervention of the Government. Thus in the year 2009, the government had set up a strategy to increase the number of jobs in the country by investing in providing high-end education to the youth of Egypt, managing the energy consumption and pollution control techniques and investing in higher level of research and development programs. However apart from these strategies, even then the unemployment rate increased to 13.2% in 2013 from 9% in 2010, thus making it clear that the policies spelt out by the government was not implemented in the right manner. Thus on a concluding note it can be rightly said that one of the biggest hurdle towards the economic development of a country is unemployment specifically for the developing countries such as Egypt whose economy has become highly volatile full of challenges for the government to deal with. Unfortunately there is a greater imbalance between the supply and demand and more so is the imbalance in the quality of the labour available and that demanded for. Thus due to this mismatch the present university pass-outs are all jobless as they lack the required skills and those organizations who need labour are also unable to match the available supply with their desires. Taking a note of the said imbalance, the government will have to introduce reforms and strategies so as to be able to deal with the severity of the situation. References Assaad, R., Arntz, M. (2005), Constrained geographical mobility and gendered labor market outcomes under structural adjustment: Evidence from Egypt. World Development, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 431-454 Amin, G. (2014), Egypt Country Report: Policies and Mechanisms for Integration into the Workforce and Job Creation. Egypt Country Report for the 2014 Ministerial Conference on Youth Employment. Available at: https://www.adeanet.org. (Accessed on 13th March 2017). Bertoni,E., Ricchiuti,G., (2014). A Multilevel Analysis Of the Unemployment in Egypt. Available at https://www.siecon.org/online/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Bertoni-Ricchiuti-286.pdf (Accessed 13th March 2017) Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS), (2014). Available at:https://www.CAPMAS.gove.eg. (Accessed on 13th March 2017). Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2014. Available at: https://www.faostat.fao.org/. (Accessed on 13th March 2017) Ibrahim, M.A., (2013). The Determinants of Private Sector Demand for Employment in Egypt :1990-2007. Advances in Management Applied Economics. Vol.3.no. 1. Pp. 163-182. Available at https://www.scienpress.com/Upload/AMAE/Vol%203_1_12.pdf (Accessed 13th March 2017) Levine, L., (2013), Economic Growth and the Unemployment Rate. Available at https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42063.pdf (Accessed 13th March 2017) Malec, K., Gouda, S., Kuzmenko, E., Soleimani, D., Rezbova, H., Sanova, P., (2016). Gross Domestic Product Development and Employment in Egypt (2000-2013). International Journal of Economic and Financial Issues. Vol.6, no.1, pp. 199-206 reuters.com. (2016). Egypts unemployment rate dips to 12.5 percent in Q2 stats agency. Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/egypt-economy-unemployment-idUSL8N1AW2C0 (Accessed 13th March 2017) tradingeconomics.com. (2017). Egypt Unemployment Rate. Available at https://www.tradingeconomics.com/egypt/unemployment-rate (Accessed on 13th March 2017)